178009
| Question | Answer |
| ATP | ADP+Pi+Energy (reversible) |
| Major Categories of Cells | Muscle, Nerve, Epithelial, Connective |
| Examples of Connective Cells | Blood, bone, and fat |
| Places Fluid can be in the body | Intracellular Fluid, Interstitial Fluid, Plasma |
| Interstitial Fluid | Fluid between cells. 26% |
| Plasma | Fluid in blood cells. 7% |
| What are the two types of Fibers? What traits do they have? | Collagen: Rope like traits Elasitn: Rubber band like traits |
| Barrier between plasma and interstial fluid | Capillary Wall |
| Barrer between interstitial fluid and intracellular fluid | Cell Membrane |
| Steady State | Means parameter is within a set range |
| Equilibrium | When no energy is required to maintain a value |
| Components of Homeostatic Controls Sytem | Receptor, Afferent Pathway, Intergrating Center, Efferent Pathway |
| Chemical Messengers: List characteristics of Endrocine (aka hormones) | Released by Glands or neurons Pathway: Plasma Communicates with: Distant Effectors |
| Chemical Messengers: List characteristics of Paracrine | Released by: Most cells Pathway: Interstitial Fluid Communicates with: Neighbor Effector |
| Chemical Messengers that don't travel through extracellular fluidnte | Autocrine Cytokine |
| Gap Junctions | Direct channels between ajacent cells Analgous to speaking (somthing is released) |
| Juxtacrines | Bound to cell membrane Analagous to shaking hands, nothing is released |
| Adaptation | Genetic change over species, does not occur to inviduals |
| Acclimitization | Resetting of set point. Usually reversible except developmental acclimitizations |
| Biorythems | Result of the combination of adaptation and acclimaitizaion. Takes enviormental cues (not triggered though) |
| Free Radicals | Remove electron from another (oxidizing) |
| Examples of Free Radicals | Superoxide anion Nitric Oxide OH |
| Covalent Bonding | Sharing of Electrons Not always equal |
| Polar | Hydrophilic Lypophobic Unequal Sharing |
| Rank the 4 main types of bonding in the body | Covalent Ionic Hydrogen Bonding Hydrophobic |
| Functions of the Plasma Membrane | Regulate movement ( in, out and within) Bind chemical messengers Hold cell in extracellular matix Allows for cell's shape and motility Allows for cell to cell contact |
| Plasma Membrane Components | Phospholipids, Cholestrol, Protein |
| Phospholipids | Main building block of plasma membrane Positive head, nonpolar tails Spontaneously form bilayer |
| Cholestrol | Amphipathic Vesicle Formation |
| Integral Membrane Proteins | Proteins embedded in membrane lipid layer. Serve as channels, receptors, anchors etc. |
| Peripheral Proteins | Impact Shape and Motility Polar=Hydorphillic |
| Glycocalyx Proteins | Allow for ID and interaction Gives cell fuzzy appearance in microscope |
| Gap Junctions | Channels liking to cytosols Small, so limited exchange Allows IF flow |
| Desmosome | Spot welds Allows IF flow |
| Tight Junctions | Joining of Plasma Membranes Forms a band around the cell. Blocks IF Flow |
| Channel Gating | The process of opening and closing ion ion channels |
| Types of Channel Gating | Ligand-gated Channels-Change shape of protein Voltage Gated channels-analgous to FOB Mechanically gated channels physically deform membrane |
| Hypertonic | Higher concentration of nonpenetrating solutes outside cell-shrink |
| Necessary conditions for Osmotic Pressure | Semipermeable membrane Immobile membrane |
| Ligand | An molecule or ion that binds to protein surface by noncovalent bond |
| Intracellular Messengers | Function in the nucleus as transcription factors or suppressors to alter the rate of transcription of particular genes |
| Krebs Cycle | Oxygen directly required Start=mainly pyruvate from glycosis, but can use protein and fat catabolism products Location: Mitochondria Net Production: 24 ATP, H2O recycled endzymes |
| Glycosis | Start: Carb Aerpnoc-produces pyruvate Anerboic- produces lactate Location: Cytosol Net production: 2 ATP H+ |
| Messengers that use the pathway of interstial fluid | Paracine Neurotransmitters |
| Messengers that can be released by Neurons | Endocrine Neurotransmitter |
| Messengers that can only communicate with nearbly effectors | Paracrine Neurotransmitter |
| ATP Equations |
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| Cytokine | Messengers associated with the immune system Pathway=IF/plasma/lymph |
| Amount of ATP produced by Glycolosis | 2 ATP |
| Amount of ATP produced my Krebs Cycle | 34 ATP |
| Electron Transport Chain | Start with: H+ and coenzyme (from glycosis) Location: Mitochondria Net Production: 34 ATP Oxygen required |
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