1807747
Description
Flashcards by connornierynck, updated more than 1 year ago
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Created by connornierynck
over 9 years ago
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| Question | Answer |
| TFR (Total Fertility Rate) | the number of children to be born to a woman if she were to live to the end of her childbearing years. (births per woman) |
| TFR in the MENA | In the 1950's, MENA had the second highest TFR in the world. However, in the 1990's and onward, this trend reversed and MENA enjoyed the world's fastest decline in TFR |
| TFR in Iran | 1965: Shah of Iran institutes family Planning 1979: After the Revolution, Khomeini associates this with the West - Contraceptives remain permitted - Generous benefits for large family 1988: Policy Change; reduce TFR to 4.0 - legalised sterilisation men and women - Subsidies to large families are withdrawn - effect: massive decline in TFR |
| Consequences of Demographic change (6) | 1. Pressure on education systems 2. Rapid increase of job seekers 3. Environmental stress 4. Rapid Urban growth 5. Stress on administrative capacity 6. Stress on Food Supply |
| Demographic Divident | a period (mostly about 20-30years) when fertility rates have fallen, the labour force outgrows the dependent population, freeing up resources for investment in economic development. -Theoretically, period of high growth- |
| Problem with Economic Dividend in MENA? | In the MENA Region, the decline of TFR has not led to increased economic growth, but to a demographic burden in which there is a massive body of the population which is economically frustrated |
| Human Capital | the stock of competencies, knowledge, and skills, experience, etc. embodied in the ability to perform labour as to perform economic value |
| MENA countries with highest (and lowest!) percentage of urban population | + 90% Bahrain Israel Qatar Kuwait - 50 % Egypt, Yemen, Sudan |
| Problems of rapid urbanisation (4) | - Acute Housing shortages - Political violence - Water, Power, and sewage problems - Insecure employment |
| first stream of labour migration in the MENA | Stream 1: to the EU - Oldest flow - Turkish, Moroccan, Algerian labourers to EU - Main motivation: WAGE GAPS |
| Second stream (where to? + 4 phases) | TO THE GULF Phase 1 : 1970s Oil boom also driven by wage gap Phase 2: Mid 80s, oil price slump and decline of migration Phase 3: 1990s Desert storm shift from arab to cheaper asian labour Phase 4: 2000s oil boom and maturity (anyone knows what this last one means?) |
| 'Impacts'. of arab migration on sending countries (3) | 1. remittances 2. Emigration: Skilled vs Unskilled (brain drain) 3. Return Migration |
| 'Impacts' on receiving countries (4) | 1. Labour growth and development 2. Increased national security and labour control 3. Perceived cultural threat 4. Local youth unemployment |
| Agricultural decline in MENA | the history of MENA agriculture is a sad one, the region underwent a change from a agricultural wealthy and self sufficient region to THE most food import-dependent region in the world |
| first stage that led to Agricultural Decline (history) | 1. Colonial rule - most small domestic farmers work small plots - European Settlers and large domestic landowners controlled large portions of arable land |
| Second Stage which led to Agricultural Decline | Decolonisation & land reform - newly independent governments faced with legacy of sharp inequalities in land ownership - land of large european and domestic landowners was seized as state property - redistribution (think of Nasser!) - ceilings on landownership |
| Last stage of Agricultural decline | World Bank interferes/ reversal of land reforms - wants to shift agricultural activities towards forms of private ownership that are tightly linked to the world market - SAP's |
| What did these SAP's prescribe? (4) | - Privatise collective and state owned land - Strengthen Individual property rights - remove rent ceilings - liberalise agricultural markets basically, neoliberalize the region ...bastards |
| Consequences of SAP's | - More powerful farmers benefit - total number of farmers decline in the process of economic growth - because the smaller farmers saw severe detoriation of rural standards of living - millions compelled to leave countryside (urbanisation) - Patterns of agricultural change become ever more structured and vulnerable to the needs of European Market |
| Food security vs Food Self-sufficiency | Food security: adequate & sufficient food regardless of point of origin. Food self-sufficiency: locally-grown food to meet need. |
| The Food Gap (when, what?) | - following the 1970s Oil boom extreme demand for food due to the 1970's oil boom. It brought into consideration issue of food security vs self sufficiency |
| Water Problems (5) | 1. Water quantity (scarcity) 2. Water quality 3. Agriculture as residual user 4. Financial & managerial constraints 5. International hydropolitics |
| MENA share on worlds oil reserves? (percentage) | 65 slamming percent |
| Creation of OPEC (when, founding members?) | Created Sept 1960 at the Baghdad Conference by Iraq, Kuwait, Iran, Saudi Arabia, & Venezuela. |
| GCC members | Bahrain • Kuwait • Oman • Saudi Arabia • Qatar • United Arab Emirates |
| Economic Rent | Income derived from the gift of nature |
| Rentier State definition | A state is rentier when its primary source of income is derived from the “rent” it receives from external sources for the use/production of its resource. |
| Natural resource dependency vs Rentierism | Rentierism % rent in government revenue Natural resource dependency % of natural resource exports to GDP |
| Characteristics of Rentierism | - rent goes directly to the state - rent comes from global sources - Political orders derives from historical factors (monarchies) - weak civil society - weak institutions - excessive military spending - generous benefits to population |
| Early challenges to Rentier States | - Human capital development (need for skilled experienced workers) - labour shortages |
| Belgians | A beer-loving community which is currently having its own Intifada due to Neoliberalist policies introduced by the new government, which would severely undermine the very principles our country stands for |
| Major current challenges | - heavy dependence on single resource (oil) - dependence on foreign labour |
| The Dubai Model | - Government led development - flexible labour force - creation of investment opportunities - Diversification !! (creation of service, financial, ... sectors) |
| The Upstream Sector | exploration / extraction |
| The Downstream sector | petrochemicals, plastics, fertilizers |
| SWF | Sovereign Wealth Fund Investment fund controlled by a government & invested (partly or wholly) in foreign assets. |
| Shift in Gulf Investments? | 1. From investments to US financial sector to corporate sector (real number can not be found since they often do it through a third party) 2. More investment to Asia and ME (lebanon in particular) |
| Why the rise of Islamism? | - Resistance to Western colonialism - Rejection of “Zionist project” - Against Neoliberal policies by the West |
| Islamic Banking (principles) | Idea: interest rates foster injustice & inequality Ideally: all contracts based on profit-and-loss sharing (equity contracts |
| Murabaha contract | 'Halal' contracts Compatible with modern banking system. Murabaha accused of not being significantly different from mainstream banking practices |
| Liberalism's Gender Paradox | + Increases in female labour force participation, expansion of global norms, policies, networks calling for gender equality & human rights BUT - Rising unemployment, growing inequalities, decline in capacity of welfare & developmental state, increased casualization of labour |
| Citizenship in the gulf | Citizens vs Noncitizens Citizenship restricted to minority of population Migrant workers form lower ranks of TWO-TIER system while nationals enjoy cheap housing , and generous social services "Allows ruling families to wield a powerful system of control over the majority of resident population while ensuring citizen allegiance to this highly unequal status quo" Hanieh 126 |
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