18339521
Description
Flashcards by Sam Gunnell, updated more than 1 year ago
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Created by Sam Gunnell
almost 5 years ago
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| Question | Answer |
| How does the immune system detect pathogens? | Antigens on the surface of the pathogens are detected as foreign which activates an immune response |
| What are the two types of cells in the immune system? | Phagocytes Lymphocytes |
| What do phagocytes do? | Remove dead/invading cells |
| What are the two types of phagocytes? | Neutrophils Macrophages |
| What do neutrophils do? | Travel around in capillaries and can squeeze out of capillaries at any time to find and engulf pathogens |
| What do macrophages do? | They travel to an organ and stay there and fight pathogens if they turn up |
| Where are phagocytes and lymphocytes produced? | Bone marrow |
| What do opsonins do? | They bind to pathogens and "tag" them so that they can easily be identified by phagocytes and can also act as a binding site for phagocytes |
| What do lymphocytes do? | Involved in producing antibodies |
| What are the two types of lymphocytes? | T lymphocytes B lymphocytes |
| What do T lymphocytes do? | They have receptors on their surface that are specific to an antigen but only if it is presented with a self-protein (antigen presenting macrophage) |
| What happens when the T lymphocyte finds a complimentary receptor? | The macrophage releases cytokines which activate the T lymphocyte and these active T lymphocytes divide by mitosis forming identical T cells |
| What are the four types of T lymphocyte cell? | -T helper -T killer -T memory -T regulator |
| What do T helper cells do? | Produces cytokines that stimulate the macrophage to ingest the pathogen |
| What do T killer cells do? | They destroy the cells they bind to |
| What do T memory cells do? | Helps the body to respond to the same reoccurring antigen |
| What do T regulator cells do? | Stops the immune system once the pathogen is destroyed so that autoimmune diseases don't develop |
| What do B lymphocytes do? | They have cell embedded antibodies which act as receptors for antigens and they can become antigen presenting cells |
| What happens when a b lymphocyte finds a complimentary antigen? | The b lymphocyte becomes activated (the t helper cells help activate more). The activated cells divide many times by mitosis ad then differentiate into plasma cells |
| What is a plasma cell? | Larger cells with more organelles that synthesise particular antibodies |
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