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Flashcards by angela.dennis22, updated more than 1 year ago
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Created by angela.dennis22
over 10 years ago
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| Question | Answer |
| True or False Infection control is intimately embedded in the discipline of microbiology | True |
| Microbiology is the study of small life forms, including... | bacteria, fungi, protozoa, algae, viruses |
| The discipline of microbiology began as a science concerned with | the control and identification of microorganisms to explain and prevent disease. |
| True or False Bacteria are prokaryotic, unicellular and can live as an individual cell | True |
| Bacteria come in different shapes and sizes which include | cocci, bacilli, and spirals |
| Cocci (coccus) bacteria are 1 micrometer, single cells or small clusters or chains, and what shape? | Spherical |
| Bacilli bacteria are rod shaped, 1micrometer (um)wide and 5-10um long and some form... | endospores |
| Disease's caused by bacilli bacteria are anthrax, botulism, tetnus, and the GI infections | E. coli and salmonella |
| True or False There are two different shapes of spiral bacteria, Vibrios and spirillum. | False, There are three different chapes of spiral bacteria, Vibrios, spirillum, and spirochetes. |
| Vibrios are what shape | curved, or comma shaped rods. |
| Vibrios are responsible for gastroenteritis, cholera, septicemia and | food poisoning |
| spirillum or spirilla are what shaped? | thick, flexible spirals |
| spirillum are responsible for | rat bite fever |
| spirochetes are what shape | thin, flexible spirals |
| spirochetes are responsible for leptospirosis, Lyme disease and | syphilis |
| Pleomorphic bacteria are morphologically indistinct meaning | They change shape depending on environmental conditions. Elongated as well as spherical in shape |
| True or false The structure of a bacteria cell changes greatly depending on its shape. | false The structure of all bacteria cells is similar. |
| The cytoplasm of a bacterial cells is contained within the cytoplasmic membrane and may contain storage granules of starch, lipids and iron. The cytoplasm may also contain | Ribosomes (the physical sites for synthesis of proteins and amino acids.) |
| The cytoplasm of bacteria is viscous and contains water, enzymes, proteins, carbs, lipids, nucleic acids, oxygen, essential nutrients, as well as | Waste products |
| Embedded in the cytoplasm is this structure which contains single, long chromosome of DNA that controls most of the cell activities. | Nucleoid |
| These structures which contain extra chromosomal DNA and often carry genes that express resistance to chemical and physical agent is and antibiotics and are only found in some bacteria are known as | Plasmids. |
| The cytoplasmic membrane is composed of lipids and proteins, it surrounds the cytoplasm, contains enzymes that help create the outer wall, and is responsible for maintaining cell pressure, as well as | Regulating materials and waste moving in and out of the cell, and is the physical site for DNA attachment during cell division. |
| Mesosomes are found on the inward foldings of cytoplasmic membrane and are found mostly in gram negative or positive bacteria? | Gram-positive |
| The cell wall is a rigid structure that gives the cell its shape. The basic component is peptidoglycan which forms a netting over the entire surface of the cell. Gram-negative bacteria have several layers of peptidoglycan. The cell wall is not present in which type of cells | mammalian cells |
| The outer membrane is found only on gram-negative bacteria and covers the entire surface of the cell. What structure is this outer membrane similar too? | cytoplasmic membrane |
| The outer membrane contains endotoxin (composed of lipid, polysaccharides and protein) when the endotoxin is release from the cells is damages nearby cells causing fever, inflammation, bone destruction, hemorrhage and vomiting. The release of endotoxins also plays a role in disease such as | periodontal disease, dysentery, meningitis, typhoid fever, gohorrhea and cholera. |
| The capsule is found on gram negative and positive bacteria, it contains water (allowing survival in dry conditions), influence cell behavior with other cells and also reduces... | the ability of WBCs to surround, engulf, and destroy the bacterium. |
| Flagella are long thread-like protein appendages found on some bacteria, its whip like motion allows bacteria to move through fluids. The flagella are attached to what part of the cell | attached to cytoplasmic membrane and extend through cell and outer membrane and capsule (if present) |
| the steps of disease transmission are | infectious agent, reservoir, mode of escape, mode of transmission, portal of entry, susceptible host |
| the prodromal stage | encompasses a vague or undifferentiated set of symptoms similar to an infection of any number of other dieases. |
| endogenous or autogenous infection | originiates within a person. usually cause no problem until something causes them to express their disease producing potential |
| the acute stage | occurs when the disease reaches its peak. symptoms are fully developed and can be differentiated from other diseases |
| exogenous infections | originate outside of the individual, most infections are exogenous |
| the declining stage | occurs when the patients symptoms begin to subside. infectious disease remains although he patient demonstrates improving health |
| bacteremia is an example of an ( ) infection | endogenous |
| the convalescent stage | recovery and recuperation from the effects of the infectious disease |
| nosocomial infections are infections | that are acquired by a patient in a hospital or long-term facility. |
| innate defense mechanisms are | physical (skin) mechanical (tears, saliva, urine) antimicrobial (acid of the stomach) cellular barriers (phagocytes) |
| opportunistic infections are infections or diseases | that occur when the bodies ability to resist disease is weakened. usually do not infect healthy individuals with intact immune systems. |
| acquired immunity | the defense system that is always ready to respond to microbial infections |
| the five stages of infectious disease are | incubation, prodromal, acute, declining, and convalescent |
| activation of the immune response | antigens, macrophages process the antigens, lymphocytes multiply, B & T lymphocytes being to destroy the microorganism |
| the incubation stage | interval between the exposure to the pathogen and the first appearance of signs and symptoms, can be short or long |
| cell mediated response | special types of T lymphocytes regulates the antibody mediated response, destroys infected host cells, produces lymphokines, destroy certain non-microbial cells |
| antibody mediated response | specialized B lymphocytes produce lymphokines, become plasma cells that produce antibodies, antibodies bind to a specific antigen, the antigens are destroyed |
| long term acquired immunity | initial immune response results in an increased number of lymphocytes that can respond to the same antigen again. EX. a good case of chicken pox |
| artificial active immunity | results from being immunized or vaccinated, stimulates the immune system to recognize and defend against that disease. boosters are sometimes needed |
| congenital passive immunity | antibodies pass from mother to fetus. short term immunity for the newborn |
| passive immunity | administration of ready made antibodies such as IGG. treat or prevent infectious disease or reduce the risk of infection |
| damage by the immune system | certain antigens can damage the body, antigen or allergen results in damage to the body. |
| disease process of HBV | incubation, transient, acute type B hepatitis, carrier state, immunity |
| incubation stage of HBV | 2-6 months, period of communicability varies |
| transient stage of HBV | majority of patient don't have icteric phase (jaundice) but have a subclinical infection. many remain undiagnosed. |
| acute type B stage | can't be distinguished from other types of viral hep. recovery beings with the disappearance of jaundice |
| carrier state | chronic carrier has HBsAG marking for more than 6 months, 5-10% of those infected remain chronic carriers, carriers often develop cirrhosis |
| immunity to HBV | presence of anti-HBs in blood serum |
| herpesvirus sequence of events | exposure, replication of the cells, infection of sensory nerve endings, virus travels to ganglion, primary disease resolves, reactivation at a later date, virus transports along nerve to body surface |
| OSHA | has laws and regulations regarding the bloodborne pathogen standard. concerned with employees not patients |
| EPA | regulates medical waste and reviews new products |
| FDA | regulates the manufacturing and labeling of medical devices |
| CDC | makes recommendations, serves the public health, concerned with the wellbeing of the patient |
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