192391
| Question | Answer |
| what is erythropoesis? where does it occur in the a) embryo b) adult what is important about fish kidneys? what is the hormone that stimulates erythropoesis and where is it produced? | the formation / replenishment of RBC a) yolk sac, spleen, bone marrow b) bone marrow, spleen can do? kidneys are a store of immature RBC in the fish erythropoetin, kidneys |
| what stimulates the release of EPO? How does EPO work? where does the CFU-E come from? how many types of common progenitors are there? And what do they become? | low O2 delivery is detected by the kidneys -> release EPO. Is the tissue demand for O2 that mediates EPO release NOT RBC conc. Therefore will get EPO release in hypotension as well as anaemia stimulates CFU-E in bone marrow to produce erythroblasts - reticulocytes - erythrocytes committed progenitor CFU-E comes from CMP-GEMM, which comes from a pluripotent stem cell. 2: CMP-GEMM and CLP, common progenitors become committed progenitors (cell formation units, CFU) |
| what is the last stage in RBC development able to undergo miosis? what are reticulocytes? what do you need for reticulocytes to mature? | normoblast immature erythrocytes; have nuclear remnants but are unable to undergo mitosis folic acid, vit B12, Fe |
| 3 ways to become iron deficient? why does iron deficiency cause anaemia? | physiological e.g. newborn piglets have high Fe demand, but sow milk is low in Fe blood loss e.g. parasites such as H contortus haemorrhage e.g. internal/ext bleed Fe is needed for reticulocyte maturation and for Hb |
| where does thrombopoeitin come from? what does it do? what are the common progenitor and committed progenitor for platelet formation? | liver stimulates megakaryocytes to bud into thrombocytes (1 = 6000) CMP-GEMM -> CFU-Meg |
| what is the reticulocyte production index? what does it tell you? what is the corrected reticulocyte percentage? | RPI = the percentage of reticulocytes in the blood, relative to the PCV and maturation index (fixed values) tells you whether or not level of regeneration is appropriate >3 = v good 1-3 = ok <1 = poor CRP = (% reticulocytes x PCVsample) / PCVnormal RPI = CRT/ maturation index |
| what are reticulocytes an indicator for? what species does this apply to? why not for ruminants and ponies? | regenerative vs non regenerative anaemia cats and dogs have a v poor reticulocyte response and therefore cannot be relied upon |
| what is MCV an indicator for? macrocytosis + hypochromia? macrocytosis + normochromia? microcytosis + hypochromia? microcytosis + normochromia? | RBC volume regenerative anaemia non regenerative anaemia, FeLV, myeloproliferative diseases Fe deficiency chronic disease/inflammation, portosystemic shunts |
| what is red cell distribution width? (RDW) what does a high RDW indicate? | variation in RBC size anicytosis |
| what is poikilocytosis? | variation in shape |
| what are codocytes? what do they look like? when are they seen? are they relevant? | target cells bulls eyes - dark central blob, circle of pale, dark on the outside Fe defiency anaemia, liver disease, post splenectomy, artifact not often of clinical significance |
| what are acanthocytes? why do they occur? examples of circumstances | crown shaped - crenated high membrane cholesterol liver disease, high cholesterol diet, haemangioma/sarcoma |
| spherocytes -what are they what causes? when might you see? | small round dark RBC that lack central pallor - hard to spot in cats Phagocytes have taken a chunk out of them, so the remaining cell makes itself tiny to avoid being eaten IMHA following blood transfusion- bound to get some even if no transfusion reaction |
| what are schistocytes? what causes it? when might you see them? | fragmented and damaged RBC (sort of look like holly leaves) mechanical trauma v sick animals, seen in DIC |
| Eccentrocytes - what are they? what causes them? what might a dog eat to get them? | hemi-ghost cells, pseudo spherocytes. Are spheroid cells with an area of poor haemoglobin to one edge. Oxidative damage - often see w/ howell jolly bodies onions |
| what are burr cells? how are they different to acanthocytes? are they relevant? | crenated RBC crenations/projects are EQUAL in length usually an artefact, normal in ruminants |
| what is roleux formation? what is it normal in? what is indicative in SA? | RBC stacked on top like rolos ponies inflammation |
| what are heinz bodies? what are they indicative of? what are they normal in? give clinical examples? | irregular refractile inclusion bodies in RBC made up of denatured Hb oxidative damage - often seen w/ eccentrocytes cats - up to 10% of RBC can have them paracetamol toxicity, onion poisoning, propofol use in cats, HerT and DM in cats |
| what is basophillic stippling a sign of? what causes it? when do you see it clinically? | regenerative anaemia aggregates of ribosomes due to a lack of pyrimidine 5' nucleotidase highly regenerative anaemia, lead poisoning, normal in immature ruminant erythrocytes |
| what are reticulocytes and nucleated RBC seen in? | regenerative anaemia hypoxia fucked spleen myeloproliferative disorders? |
| what are howell jolly bodies? when might they be seen clinically? | single refractile blue spot of nuclear remnants in the periphery of RBC regenerative anaemia, splenectomy, reduced spleen function. Can be a normal finding in low levels |
| babesiosis - what is it?what animals? in the uk? feline infectious anaemia - infectious agent, CSx, in the uk? | tick bourne intracellular protozoa. Cows, ponies, dogs. Rare. haemobartonella felis/mycoplasma haemofelis, malaise anaemia pyrexia, v rare |
| what is polycythaemia? explain relative polycytheamia? explain true primary polycythaemia? explain true secondary polycythaemia? | an increase in RBC, PCV and Hb conc - essentially blood becomes more sticky relative: increase in PCV but normal RBC count due to decrease in circulating volume (e.g. v+) or splenic contraction (increase cortisol) true primary: rare myeloproliferative disorder where amount of RBC produced is inappropriate for amount of EPO true secondary: due to chronic hypoxia of renal tissues = lots of EPO = lots of RBC. E.g. in heart failure, lung disease, high altitude, thrombosis, failure in O2 delivery. |
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