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Flashcards by Rachell Trung, updated more than 1 year ago
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Created by Rachell Trung
over 4 years ago
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| Question | Answer |
| Why are cells small? (Pg 289 & 292-293) | Cells are small b/c they want to keep the surface area high and the volume low. The cell does this by being: -Very small -Long and skinny |
| How Does a Non-woody plant (Herbaceous) Remain Erect? (Pg 320) | Turgor pressure, this causes the cell to become stiff/rigid |
| What is Turgor Pressure? (Pg 320) | |
| Simple Diffusion (Pg 275) | In simple diffusion the particles move from a high to low conc. Particles are: Small & non-polar/uncharged Rate of diffusion is affected by: -Conc. gradient (driving force, no energy), temperature, pressure, size &/or polarity |
| Facilitated Diffusion (Pg 278) | In facilitated diffusion particles move from a high to low conc. Particles are: Large &/or charged Rate of diffusion is affected by: -Conc. gradient (no energy), temperature, pressure, presence of a carrier/channel protein |
| Pressure-Flow Theory Diagram | |
| Phototropism (Pg 323 & 326-327) | A plant's response to light -The stem of a plant will grow towards the light (+ phototropism) and roots grow away from light (- phototropism) -At the tip of the shoot, a hormone called auxin is produce which causes cell elongation --> The lower stem cells grow more, causing the plant to grow upwards |
| Dialysis (Pg 287) |
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| Peritoneal dialysis (Pg 286-287) | The dialysis fluid has a low waste conc. but a high nutrients conc. which causes the fluid to want to diffuse. The high nut. conc. prevents H2O loss. |
| Hemodialysis | The dialysis fluid contains no waste, causing the hihg waste conc. in the blodd to diffuse. The hemo sensor detects RBC, so that in case the tube breaks the pump will no longer take blood from the person |
| Glycocalyx | Also known as the slime layer, protects the cell from the outside environment |
| Cell wall | Gives structure to the cell |
| Cell membrane (Pg 275) | Permeable Membrane: Everything goes in/out Non-Permeable Membrane: Nothing goes in/out Semi-Permeable Membrane (selectively or differentially permeable): Some things go in/out |
| Ribosome & Polysomes | Are attached to the endoplasmic reticulum or free in the cytopolasm. The sites where amino acids are assemvled into proteins in the process of protein synthesis. Polysomes are a cluster of ribosomes. |
| Nucleoid area | Found around the nuclues of eukaryotic cells. May contain RNA, proteihnsm and enzymes that can be used for cellular processes. |
| Flagellum and Cillia | Purpose is for movement |
| Cytoplasm (Pg 267) | A gel-like substance, mainly composed of H2O, inside the cell membrane. The organelles are suspended in the cytoplasm. The nature of the cytoplasm allows for the movement of orangelles and molecules within the cell, also known as cytoplasmic streaming |
| Nucleus and Nculear Envelope | Contains all DNA and directs all cellular activities. The nuclear envelope surrounds the nucleus, it has pores to allow the transport of materials |
| Plastids | -Chloroplasts: Contains cholorophyll, the site where photosynthesis occurs -Leucoplasts: Stores starch &/or oil -Chromoplasts: Pigment |
| Vacuoles & Vesicles | Plant cells have one large entral vacuole which stores water and increase turgor pressure. Vesicles transport substance throughout the cell |
| Centrosomes | Unique to animal cells. Directs the movement of structure and organelles. Aids in cell division |
| Endoplasmic Reticulum | A series of interconnected small tubes that branch from the nuclear envelope. Materials can be transported through these tubes |
| Smooth Endoplasmic Reticulum (SER) | Associated with fat and oil production |
| Rough Endoplasmic Reticulum (RER) | Has ribosomes attached to it and associated with protein synthesis |
| Lysosomes | Unique to animal cells. The site where digestion takes place. Defends against invading bacteria, destruction of damaged cell organelles, and controlled digestion of certain tissues during development |
| Golgi Apparatus | Composed of flat, disc-shaped sacs involved in secretion. It receives substance from the endoplasmic reticulum and packages them for transport out of the cell |
| Mitochondrion | Rod-like structures where reactions occur to convert chemical energy in sugars into energy the cell can use. This is called cellular respiration |
| Cellular Respiration | Turns oxygen and glucose into carbon dioxide, water, and energy C6H12O6(aq) + 6O2(g) --> 6CO2(g) + 6H2O(l) + energy |
| Cytoskeleton | Helps with cell movement and stabilizes the cell |
| Microtubules | Give support and shape to the cell. It alsoo acts as a route for the organelles to move through |
| Microfilaments | Resists crushing and buckling while providing support b/c of it's strength & flexibility |
| Osmosis | The diffusion of water. The driving force is the conc. gradient of water, so no energy is required Water moves from low to high solute conc. and from high H2O to low H2O conc. |
| Plant Cell Vs. Animal Cell (Pg 270) | Plant cells: Cell wall, large vacuole, fixed shape(rectangular/square), plastids Animal cells: Lysosomes, irregular shape(circular), many small vacuoles, centrisomes & centrioles |
| Endomembrane System | The SER and RER produce substances that are then transported by the vesicle. The vesicle travels to the golgi apparatus, which then pacakages the vesicle's contents. These substances are then transported out of the cell |
| Diffusion (Pg 275) | When diffusion occurs, the particles are a part of a dynamic process. Meaning is occurs in all directions. The particles do this by rotating, changing position, & vibrating. They do this until and equilibrium is reached. The rate of diffusion depends on the particle's size, polarity, &/or charges |
| Cohesion & Adhesion (Pg 316) | Cohesion: The attraction of H2O molecules to other H2O molecules. This occurs b/c of H2O's polar nature Adhesion: The attraction of H2O moolecules to other substance, also due to the polar nature of H2O |
| Transport in Plants: Transpiration (Pg 317-318) | After adhesion-cohesion transpiration then occurs. This process causes H2O & nut. to move up the plant a couple hundred meters. This occurs b/c of the relesase of H2O from the stoma, causing a transpiration-pull. As long as the stoma is open, H2O & nut. constantly move up the stem |
| Cross Section of a Leaf (298 & 312) | |
| Guard Cells (Pg 309) | The stoma is controlled by guard cells. The plant will use active transport to have ahigh conc. of K+ in the guard cell. This causes H2O to enter the guar cell as well, making it turgidm resulting in the stoma opening. Active transport of K+ out of the guard cell and osmosis causes the stoma to close |
| Pressure-Flow Theory (Pg 320-321) | At the source (leaf) the phloem becomes loaded as companion cells take in sugar. H2O moves in via osmosis, the H2O then moves into the sieve cells. The H2O pressure in the sieve cells push the H2O & nut. from the phloem to the rest of the plant. The H2O will constantly be moving b/c of pressure until it finds a source of escape, a skin (root, tuber, or fruit) |
| What makes things living? (Pg 267) | For something to be living it must: -Take in fuel, intake of nut. -Have a metabolic system, waste removal -Move/have movement -Reproduce; sexually or asexually -Go through a developmental phase -Response to stimuli -Exhange of gases |
| Magnification | Ocular x Objective = Magnification <--> FoV 10x 4x 40x 4.5mm 10x 10x 100x 1.8mm 10x 40x 400x 0.45mm As mag. goes up, FoV goes down and vice versa. |
| Light Microscope | +Colour +Live specimens +Cheapish +Easy setup -Limited mag |
| Electron Microscope | +Better mag. -No colour -Dead specimens -Very expensive -Long setup/process |
| Why is Light Limited? | The wavelength of electrons is smaller than the wavelength of light. This allows it to have a greater mag. than light |
| Spontaneous Generation (Pg 247-248) | The theory of life proposed by the Ancient Greeks. They believed that life comes from inanimate material. Ex. Mice from rags, flies from rotting meat They thought this b/c when they left items out in the open, organisms would eventually show up |
| Cell Theory (Pg 251-252) | The universally accepted concept that all living organisms are composed of cells. 1. Cells are the structural unit of all living things 2. Cells are the functional unit of all living things 3. All cells come from living cells |
| Prokaryotic Cell | "Pro" means before & "Karyon" mean nucleus. Meaning prokaryotic cells don't have a nucleus (bacteria) |
| Gravitropism/Geotropism (Pg 323 & 327) | A plant's response to gravity -Stems will grow against (- gravitropism) & roots will grow w/ gravity (+ gravitropism) -Statoliths help indicate gravity to the root cells. If the plant has shifted, statoliths will move and settle using gravity |
| Biomes | Forany organism which demonstrates characteristics of aliving thing, the environment in which the organism lives dictates the conditionsw/ which the orgnaism must deal & presents factors which influence the development of the organism |
| Transport in Plants: Root Pressure (Pg 316-317) | The plant uses active transport ot take in nut., causing H2O to enter via osmosis. The nut. & H2O are then transported to the xylem. The pressure (root pressure) will increase causing the H2O & nut. to movve up the plant. This is only good for around 2 meters. |
| Transport in Plants: Adhesion-Cohesion (Pg 316) | After the H2O & nut. move up through pressure, cohesion-adhesion will further move the substance up. The H2O will stick to the wall of the xulem & the nut. will follow. This is only good for about a meter. |
| Active Transport | -Requires energy (ATP, adenosine triphosphate) -Requires a protein carrier -Often, particles move against the conc. gradient |
| Fluid Mosaic Model of Membrane Structure Terms | Hydrophobic: Doesn't like water Hydrophilic: Likes water Mosaic: Pattern of proteins |
| Fluid Moasic Model of Membrane | How cholesterol affects membrane: Enhances the fluid nature Function of membrane carbs.: Makers for identification Functions of membrane: -Selective, controls what enters/exits -I.D for the immune system -Structure, contains organelles |
| Tonicity/Osmolarity | Isotonic/Isoosmotic: Same # of solute particles & same # of H2O particles Hypertonic/Hyperosmotic: High # of solute part. & low # of H2O(solvent) part. on one side of membrane Hypotonic/Hypoosmotic: Low # of solute part. & high # of H2O part. |
| Active Transport Processes: Exocytosis Vs. Endocytosis (Pg 281) | Exocytosis: The release of cell product via the endo-membrane system, eg. insuling or neurotransmitters Endocytosis: The intake of material by the cell. There are 2 processes phagoctytosis and pinocytosis. |
| Pinocytosis (Pg 281) | Known as cell drinking. The cell will take in small/dissolved particles. |
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