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Description
| Question | Answer |
| Paired-associate learning | Learning procedure in which items to be recalled are learned in pairs. During recall, one member of the pair is presented and the other is to be recalled. |
| It involves the pairing of two items a stimulus and a response. | For eg, words such as calendar (stimulus) and shoe (response) may be paired together. |
| Paired-associate (PA) learning was invented by Mary Whiton Calkins in 1894. | She named it as "right associates method", now known as the "paired-associations technique". |
| Hippocampus | Responsible in the creation and storage of associations in the memory, especially for item associations. |
| Studies on rats found that | Lesions to the hippocampus lead to object-place associative learning impairments. |
| Psychologists and researchers use it. | Paired-associate learning is a classic memory paradigm that is used to understand how people encode and retrieve newly formed associations among stimuli. |
| Two separate mental processes are involved - | 1. The learning of the response. 2. The formation of a bond between the two words. |
| This second process seems to produce a one-way association in many circumstances. | That is, a learner is much more likely to remember the response word if given the stimulus; people have a harder time remembering the stimulus if presented with the response word. |
| Types of Paired associate learning task | 1. In visual-visual both members of the pair are in a visual form (e.g. the picture of a blue circle paired with that of a picture of a yellow triangle). |
| 2. The verbal-verbal is when the members of the pair are both verbally presented (e.g. listening to the word cat followed by the word hat spoken to a participant). | 3. Visual-verbal is when one member of the pair is spoken out loud while the other member is presented in a visual form (e.g. listening to the word box and seeing a picture of a house). |
| How is Paired-associate learning task conducted? | People are asked to learn unrelated word pairs (e.g., stove – letter). |
| After some point of time memory for those paired is tested by any of these: | 1. Recalling one of the words in response to the word it was paired with during encoding (e.g., recall the word that was paired with “stove”). |
| 2. Associative recognition | Asking them to distinguish between word pairs that were encoded together (e.g., stove – letter) & word pairs not paired during encoding (e.g., stove – dance). |
| Study by Naya, Sakai, & Miyashita | 1. A primate was given a visual-visual paired-associate task where they were shown all the pairs in the set. Then after a long delay they displayed one picture of a pair to the primate. |
| 2. When the correct picture was paired by the monkey, showing that the pictures were cueing the response, they were given rewards in the form of food. | 3. This study showed that it is possible for associations to occur for two previously unrelated items. The monkeys showed they had actually remembered the information shown to them. |
| Application 1 | Verbal paired-associate learning tasks have long been used as a means for assessing learning ability in patients with suspected or established neurological disease. |
| Application 2 | Advertising agencies repeatedly pair products with attractive women in ads to elicit an emotional or sexually aroused response in the consumer. This causes the consumer more likely to buy the product than when presented with a similar product without such an association. |
| Application 3 | When learning a new language, for eg French, try to associate French words with English words. For eg- "le livre" with "the book". |
| Made by- | Purvi Shah & Nidhi Bhandari |
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