24714962
Description
Flashcards by Sam Adeyiga, updated more than 1 year ago
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Created by Sam Adeyiga
over 3 years ago
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| Question | Answer |
| --------- develops over a short period of time (hours to days), and involves an acute change in the level of consciousness in addition to a decline in cognition | Delirium |
| --------- a more permanent change in condition and does not involve a change in the level of consciousness | Dementia ** Alzheimer's Disease is a form of Dementia |
| ---------- memory impairment, without any other problems - often seen as a precursor to AD | Mild Cognitive Impairment (MCI) ** People w/ a MCI diagnosis are much likely to progress to AD |
| Which of the ff is not true? a. Not everyone w/ dementia has AD but everyone w/ AD has dementia b. Delirium develops over short period (hrs to days) without acute change in consciousness while dementia changes over a period of time w/ change in consciousness. c. People may begin to have the symptoms of dementia before meeting the criteria d. Often MCI is seen as a precursor to AD and people with an MCI diagnosis are much more likely to progress to AD | b. Delirium develops over short period (hrs to days) without acute change in consciousness while dementia changes over a period of time w/ change in consciousness. |
| What are the functions of Glial? | They are support cells a. providing physical structure b. nutrients c. cleaning up of debris d. providing myelin sheath |
| Which of the ff is true of Tau? a. It helps microtubule assemble b. It can form a paired helical filament when hyperphosphorylated. c. hyperphosphorylation of Tau can cause neurofibrillary tangle | a, b, c. |
| What is the effect of Mg2+ in NMDA receptor opening? | The binding of glutamate does not open NMDA receptor bc Mg2+ blocks the NMDA channels. Hence, further depolarization activity is required to allow the opening of the NMDA channel which will result in an influx of sodium and calcium thru the NMDA channels. |
| Explain Excitotoxicity per NMDA.? | NMDA receptor can form positive feedback loop when a postsynaptic cell is overstimulated which leads to more depolarization and more calcium influx and leads to excitotoxic cell death |
| What are the 4 neuropathology of AD? | 1. Extracellular aggregation of peptide protein called senile plaques 2. Intracellular aggregation of protein called neurofibrillary 3. Neuronal death (atrophy) 4. Severe neuroinflammation |
| Compare and contrast the processes and final products when APP is cleaved by alpha secretes versus beta/ gamma secretases | 1. If APP is sequentially cleaved by alpha secretase followed by gamma secretase, there will be NO protein aggregation and there will be no AD 2. If APP is sequentially cleaved by Beta secretase followed by gamma secretase. there will be protein aggregation or amyloid plaque |
| Explain how hyperphosphorylation of tau protein leads to tangle formation | 1. Hyperphosphorylation means inhibition of Tau from binding to microtubules 2. Tau then slightly binds to other tau proteins 3. These results in cytoskeleton breakdown and cell death 4. Or could result in tau aggregating to form a paired of helical filament 5. Helical filament binds together to form neurofibrillary tangle 6. Neurofibrillary fill the neuronal cells and causes cell death. |
| Explain the formation and spread of neurofibrillary tangle in the brain | 1. Neurofibrillary tangle are formed in the transentorhinal cortex which is in the medial temporal cortex (MTC). 2. Neurofibrillary tangle then spread to hippocampus, and finally to the frontal and parental cortices. |
| Explain how inflammation plays a role in exacerbating the disease state of AD | 1. Beta amyloid activates microglial and astrocytes 2. Microglial and astrocytes activates apoptotic and complimentary pathways 3. Microglial and astrocytes also activates proinflammatory cytokines and nitric oxide 4. All these prolong the inflammation and damage the neuronal health 5. Prolonged inflammation results in cell death and exacerbation of AD |
| Which of the ff is/are true? a. AD brain weighs less than 40% of a normal brain. b. AD brain has a greatly enlarge sulci and shrunken gyri c. AD brain has an enlarged ventricles due to atrophy of the cerebral cortex d. AD only affect areas associated with the formation of new memories and cognition | 1. a, b, c are correct 2. d is wrong because AD affect many areas of the brain |
| List brain areas that are primarily affected by AD | 1. Frontal Cortex 2. Hippocampus 3. Medial Temporal Cortex **Basically cerebral cortex |
| List brain areas that are unaffected by AD | 1. Occipital Cortex 2. Cerebellum |
| Describe the changes to the ventricles that occur in AD | 1. Greatly enlarge ventricles 2. Greatly enlarged sulk 3. Shrunken gyro |
| Which of the ff is/are correct? a. Loss of cholinergic neurons causes formation of neuropathologies b. In AD Ach neurons are destroyed and may result in decrease of norepinephrine, serotonin or glutamate c. Cholinergic cells loss appears as the cause and result of AD pathology d. Treatment of AD with cholinergic agents has a great effect in preventing cognitive loss and reduces the progression of the neuropathologies. e. Cholinergic cells loss seems to be a result of AD pathology, not the cause. f. Treatment of AD w/ acetycholine (cholinergic agent) has a minimal effect in preventing cognitive loss and does not affect the progression of the disease neuropathology. | b, e, f |
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