Created by beth2384
almost 9 years ago
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Copied by Holly Hughes
almost 9 years ago
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Question | Answer |
Image:
sketch_map (image/jpg)
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SKETCH MAP- illustrate location of case study, simple scale, + fit to your needs, easy to understand, - inaccuracies, lack of detail |
PROPORTIONAL SYMBOL MAP- include symbols proportional in size/area to their value, + visual representation, clear, easy to understand - range rather than specific value, difficult to measure certain shapes | |
Image:
flow_line_map (image/jpg)
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FLOW LINE MAP- represent volume of movement from place to place, line:quantity, along actual route, + clear visual representation - may look overcrowded if too many lines |
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desire_line_map (image/png)
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DESIRE LINE MAP- represent volume of movement from place to place, line:quantity, directly from origin to destination (no account of route), + clear visual representation - may look overcrowded if too many lines |
Image:
trip_line_map (image/jpg)
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TRIP LINE- represent volume of movement from place to place, line:quantity, can be drawn to show regular trips (e.g. footfall of shoppers in town), + clear visual representation - may look overcrowded if too many lines |
Image:
choropleth_map (image/jpeg)
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CHOROPLETH MAP- data values represented by density of shading, area in terms of value (e.g. pop density in UK), in classes, + colourful, draws attention, visual, - assumes whole area under one form of shading has same density with no variations, implies abrupt changes as you cross regional borders (not the case) |
Image:
isoline_maps (image/png)
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ISOLINE MAP- all points along a line have same value (e.g. pressure in weather and altitude on OS maps), + allows patterns of distribution to be seen (clear), - difficult to get continuous data along a line |
Image:
dot_map (image/jpg)
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DOT MAP- spatial distribution represented by a number of dots equal to size (e.g. 1dot=10,000people), + clear, visual, - large numbers of dots are difficult to count, assumes false emptiness in areas below dot value, must be accompanying info about distribution or may be misleading |
ARITHMETIC LINE GRAPHS- pros and cons | + can compare multiple continuous data sets easily, + data inbetween points can be inferred through line of best fit, + can make predictions, - can only use continuous data, - only used to show data over time |
LONG SECTIONS & CROSS-SECTIONS- used in river studies, construct line graphs showing height (y axis) but with distance on the x axis, + useful for describing and comparing land shape, - difficult to select smaller scale without inaccuracies | |
BAR GRAPHS- height is proportional to value, verticala scale is absolute data (discrete), can be SIMPLE, COMPARATIVE or COMPOUND, + show relative magnitudes effectively, +could show positive and negative values, + easy to understand, - categories can be re-ordered to emphasize certain effects (biased), -only discrete data | |
Image:
scattergraph.gif (image/gif)
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SCATTERGRAPHS- investigate relationship between two sets of data, best-fit line can be added, bottom left to top right= positive correlation top left to bottom right= negative correlation, points away from trend line known as residuals (anomalies) + useful in identifying patterns that could lead to further inquiry, + outliers could be investigated, + shows trend, - correlation could emerge when a relationship is just coincidental- all data must be continuous, - hard to visualise results in large data sets |
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pie_chart (image/jpg)
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PIE CHARTS- divided into segments according to share of total value, + visually effective, - difficult to assess percentages or make comparisons when many small segments, - needs a key, -no exact numerical data, -best for 3-7 categories, -total is unknown |
PROPORTIONAL DIVIDED CIRCLES (lots of pie charts)- no. of pie charts drawn proportionally together... use formula r= √V/π, V= value you want total pie chart to represent, r= radius of pi chart, (π=3.142), draw a circle radius r on graph paper, must state scale area represents value x units of data= 1 square unit on the graph paper | |
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triangular_graph (image/png)
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TRIANGULAR GRAPH- plotted on special paper (equilateral triangle), + varying proportiong and their relative importance can be seen, + can see the dominant variable of the three, +clusters sometimes emerge allowing classification, - only possible to use it for a whole figure broken into three components as percentages, cannot be used for absolute data or for figures not broken down into three components |
Image:
radial_diagram (image/png)
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RADIAL DIAGRAMS- circumference represents orientations (compass directions) or a recurring feature e.g. a time period of 24 hours or an annual cycle of activity +can be used to plot traffic flows ore pedestrian flows over a period of time during the day, +can compare multiple sets of data, +useful when one variable is a directional feature, -hard to spot anomalies, -hard to make a suitable scale, |
LOGARITHMIC GRAPHS- drawn in same way as arithmetic graphs but scales are divided into a no. of cycles, each representing a tenfold increase in the range of values i.e. 1 to 10 then 10 to 100 then 100 to 1000 etc., starting point depends on data range, graph paper can be fully logarithmic or semi-logarithmic (one axis on log scale and other is linear), straight line if rate of change increasing at constant proportional rate (e.g. doubling each time period), + good for showing rates of change (steeper line, faster rate), + allow a wide range of data to be displayed, -cannot plot +ve and -ve values on the same graph, -never base line of 0 | |
Image:
dispersion_graph (image/jpg)
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DISPERSION GRAPHS- used to display the main patterns in data distribution, graph show each value as individual point against a vertical scale, shows range of data and distribution within the range +enables comparison of the degree of bunching of 2 sets of data, +shows spread from mean, +anomalies shown, -works better with lots of data, -standard deviation can be manipulated (biased) |
MEASURES OF CENTRAL TENDENCY- Arithmetic mean= (Σx)/n, Mode= most frequent value, median= (n+1)/2 (middle number), distribution of the data set= +ve or -ve skew (bigger difference in mean, mode, median -> bigger skew...+ve or -ve) | |
STANDARD DEVIATION - show the normal/variance in data, what is too big and what is too small. For a sample do n-1 | |
Image:
spearman_s_rank (image/jpg)
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SPEARMAN RANK CORRELATION COEFFICIENT (measuring correlation)- comparison between two sets of data to see if there is a relationship between them, measures degree to which there is correlation, raw figures are ranked, d=difference in ranking between the two sets of paired data, n= no. of sets of paired data, Method~ 1. rank both sets highest to lowest (highest=1, 2nd highest=2 etc.)(if 2+ the same, find average rank and the next value will be the one after), 2. calculate difference in rank for each set of paired data (d), 3. put d and n in formula, 4. 1=perfecet +ve correlation, -1= perfect -ve correlation, 0= no correlation |
Image:
spearman_s_rank (image/jpg)
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SPEARMAN'S RANK CONTINUED- warnings~ need between 10 and 30 data sets since unreliable if lower and too complex if higher, relationship may have occurred by chance->must assess statistical SIGNIFICANCE through tables- >5%=insignificant, <5%=significant=meaningful, <1% occurring by chance= very significant, if coefficient>table value ~ significant at that level |
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GIS (image/jpg)
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GIS (a mapping tool)- used by environmental planners, gov. departments, public utility companies & commercial companies. Ability to store, retrieve, manipulate & analyse wide range of spatially related data. Can: help with ?ing and understanding data, enable multiple interrogation of complex data, illustrate difficult concepts in dynamic & visual way, use 3D, help for modelling and decision making |
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