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Description
Flashcards by Malachy Moran-Tun, updated more than 1 year ago
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Created by Malachy Moran-Tun
over 3 years ago
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| Question | Answer |
| What does Photosynthesis Produce and what is it Used For? | > Produces glucose > Used to make larger, complex molecules that the photosynthetic organism needs to grow > Contributes to food chain |
| Where does Photosynthesis happen? | Inside chloroplasts - chlorophyll absorbs light |
| What is the Word Equation for Photosynthesis? | carbon dioxide + water → glucose + oxygen (light and chlorophyll above the arrow) |
| What is the Symbol Equation for Photosynthesis? | 6CO₂ + 6H₂O → C₆H₁₂O₆ + 6O₂ (light and chlorophyll above the arrow) |
| What are the 3 (main) Factors that Affect Photosynthesis? | 1. Light Intensity 2. Concentration of CO₂ 3. Temperature |
| What is a Limiting Factor? | A factor that stops a reaction from happening faster than it is |
| Enzymes on previous flashcards, relevant here but to not as much detail | cool |
| Describe the 2 Main Stages of Light Intensity in Correlation with the rate of Photosynthesis | 1. Light level is raised - rate of photosynthesis increases steadily 2. Up to a certain point the graph flattens out as CO₂ or temperature is the limiting factor |
| inverse square coming soon | i need me book o' biology |
| What does it mean if there is a Flat Line on a CO₂, Rate of Photosynthesis Graph? | The CO₂ is no longer the limiting factor |
| Photosynthesis Practical in le révision de guide | as always |
| What is the Role of Root Hair Cells? | To take in minerals and water |
| Why are Root Hair Cells well Adapted for their Role? | Large surface area for absorbing water and mineral ions |
| How are Minerals and Water Absorbed in Root Hair Cells? | Water - Osmosis Mineral Ions - Active Transport |
| What are Phloem Tubes and what are the significant Features of the Structures? | > Columns of elongated living cells > Small pores in the end walls > Transport food substances - mainly sucrose > Sucrose either for immediate use or storage > Translocation - requires energy |
| What are Xylem Tubes and what are the significant Features of the Structures? | > Dead cells joined end to end > No end walls between > Strengthened with lignin > Carry water (and mineral ions) > Part of transpiration |
| What is Transpiration? | Loss of water from the plant |
| What Happens during Transpiration? | > Evaporation and diffusion of water from a plant's surface (usually happens at the leaves) > Loss of water creates a slight shortage > More water is drawn from the rest of the plant through the xylem > In turn, more water from the roots > Constant transpiration stream which carries dissolved mineral ions |
| What are Stomata? | Tiny pores on the surface of the plant |
| What is the role of Stomata? | Allow CO₂ and O₂ to diffuse in and out of a leaf (also water vapour escaping during transpiration) |
| What type of Cells Surround the Stomata and How do they Control the Stomata? | Guard Cells Change shape to control the size of the pore Turgid - Swollen with water - Open Flaccid - Low on water and limp - Closed |
| What are the 3 (main) Environmental Factors that change the Transpiration Rate? | 1. Light Intensity 2. Temperature 3. Air Flow (wind) |
| How does Light Intensity Affect the Transpiration Rate? | > Brighter light = more transpiration > Stomata close as it gets darker (since photosynthesis can't happen without light so they don't need to be open) > Since stomata are closed, very little water can escape |
| How does Temperature Affect the Transpiration Rate? | > Warmer it is, the more transpiration > Water particles have more energy > Water particles evaporate and diffuse out of the stomata more |
| How does Air Flow Affect the Transpiration Rate? | > Stronger airflow = more transpiration > Poor air flow means water vapour surround the leaf > High concentration of water particles > Less diffusion > Good air flow means water vapour is swept away > More diffusion, lower concentration |
| transpiration "practical" of guides of revision existing there yeah english | ye |
| (From Top to Bottom) what are the Layers of a Typical Leaf? | > Waxy Cuticle > Upper Epidermis > Palisade Layer / Palisade Mesophyll Tissue > Spongy Mesophyll Tissue > Lower Epidermis |
| What does the Palisade Layer contain an Abundance of and why? | Chloroplasts Top of the leaf - most light - photosynthesis |
| What is the role of the Waxy Cuticle? | Reduce water loss by evaporation AND Protect leaf from water (waterproof) |
| Why does the Spongy Mesophyll layer have lots of Air Spaces? | Increases the rate of diffusion of gases in and out of the leaf's cells |
| What are some Examples of Adaptations of Plants in Extreme Environments? | > Small Leaves > Curled Leaves > Trick Waxy Cuticles > Spines > Hairs > Thick Stem > Few Stomata > Sunken Stomata |
| How do Small Leaves / Spines help Plants in Extreme Environments? | Reduces the surface area for water loss by evaporation |
| How do Curled Leaves / Hairs help Plants in Extreme Environments? | Reduces air flow close to the leaf & traps water vapour near the surface, reducing diffusion from the leaf |
| How do Thick Waxy Cuticles help Plants in Extreme Environments? | Reduces water loss by evaporation |
| How do Thick Stems help Plants in Extreme Environments? | Store Water |
| How do Fewer Stomata help Plants in Extreme Environments? | Reduces water loss by evaporation |
| How do Sunken Stomata help Plants in Extreme Environments? | Reduces air flow close to the stomata which reduces water loss by evaporation |
| Transpiration Practical Guide of Revision | helll yea |
| What is the name of the Plant Growth Hormone? | Auxin |
| Where do Auxins Control Growth in Plants? | At the tips of shoots and roots |
| How does Auxin Affect Plant Growth? | > Shoots: Promotes Growth > Roots: Inhibits Growth |
| Where is Auxin Produced? | The Tips |
| How does Auxin move through the plant? | Diffuses backwards in a solution (dissolved in water) |
| Which two Growth Responses does Auxin Contribute to? | Phototropism (Response to Light) Gravitropism (Response to Gravity) |
| How do Shoot Tips Grow Towards Light? | > Shoots are Positively Phototropic > When exposed to light, more auxin accumulates on the shaded side > Cells grows / elongate faster on the shaded side > Shoot bends towards light |
| Why do Shoot Tips Grow Towards Light? | Allows the shoot to absorb more light for photosynthesis, enabling plant growth |
| How do Shoots Grow Away from Gravity? | > Shoots are Negatively Gravitropic > When growing sideways, gravity produces an unequal distribution of auxin > More auxin on the lower side > The lower side grows / elongates faster > The shoot bends upwards |
| How do Roots Grow Towards Gravity? | > Roots are Positively Gravitropic > When growing sideways, gravity produces an unequal distribution of auxin > More auxin on the lower side > The lower side's growth is inhibited > Cells on the top elongate faster > Root bends downwards |
| How do Roots Grow Away from Light? | > Root bare Positively Phototropic > When exposed to light, more auxin accumulates on the shaded side > The shaded side's growth is inhibited > Root bends downwards, towards the ground |
| How do Selective Weedkillers using Plant Hormones Work? | > Weeds growing in fields of crops are broad-leaved > Selective weedkillers developed from auxins which only affect broad-leaved plants > Weedkillers disrupt the growth patterns, which soon kills them, leaving the grass / crop untouched |
| How does Growing Cuttings with Rooting Powder using Plant Hormones Work? | > Cutting is a part of a plant that has been cut off (e.g. end of a branch) > Cuttings wouldn't grow in soil naturally > Adding rooting powder (which contains auxins) causes the cutting to rapidly produce roots > Clones of plants are produced very quickly |
| How can Plant Hormones be used to Control Flower / Fruit Formation? | > Gibberellins are plant hormones that stimulate seed germination (growth of a seed into a plant), stem growth and flowering > They can be used to make plants flower earlier, or under different conditions > They can reduce flower formation, improving fruit quality, since there is fewer flowers and fewer fruits and therefore bigger, higher quality fruits |
| How can Plant Hormones be used to Produce Seedless Fruit? | > Fruits (with seeds) naturally only grow on flowering plants that have been pollinated > Plant hormones, such as gibberellins, can be applied to unpollinated flowers > The fruit will grow, but since it hasn't been pollinated, the seeds do not |
| How can Plant Hormones be used to Control the Ripening of Fruits? | > Less ripe fruits can be picked and transported easier, as they are firmer and therefore less easy to damage > Ethene, a ripening hormone, can be added to the fruit, which in turn will ripen it after transport |
| How can Plant Hormones be used to Control Seed Germination? | > Seeds won't germinate until they've been through specific conditions > Seeds can be treated with gibberellins to make them germinated at any time of the year |
| unless you've shuffled, you're done | yey |
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