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Description
Flashcards by reynoldslaura, updated more than 1 year ago
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Created by reynoldslaura
over 10 years ago
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| Question | Answer |
| What is the innervation of platysma? | The cervical branch of the facial nerve (CN VII) |
| What are the main actions of sternocleidomastoid? | Unilateral contraction: Lateral flexion and rotation of the neck Bilateral contraction: Extends neck at atlanto-occipital joints and flexes cervical vertebrae so chin approaches manubrium |
| What is the innervation of sternocleidomastoid? | The spinal accessory nerve (CN XI) for motor function and C2 and C3 nerves for pain and proprioception (bodies ability to sense joint movement within the joint) |
| What is the inferior attachment of platysma? | Fascia covering superior parts of pectoralis major and deltoid muscles |
| What two muscles does the 11th cervical nerve innervate? | Sternocleidomastoid and trapezius |
| What is the superior attachment of trapezius? | Medial third of the superior nuchal line, external occipital protuberance, nuchal ligament and spinous processes of C7-T12 vertebrae |
| What is the function of trapezius? | Retracts, elevates and rotates/ depresses scapula |
| What is the action of platysma? | Draws corners of the mouth inferiorly showing an expression of fright and sadness. Also draws neck superiorly when teeth are clenched indicating tension |
| What is the superior attachment of the sternocleidomastoid muscle? | Lateral surface of mastoid process and temporal bone and lateral half of superior nuchal line |
| What 4 muscles make up the suprahyoid muscles? (remember 'dont stroke my genitals') | Digastric (anterior and posterior belly), Stylohyoid, Mylohyoid and Geniohyoid |
| What 4 muscles make up the strap/ infrahyoid muscle group? (remember TOSS) | Thyrohyoid, Omohyoid, Sternohyoid, Sternothyroid |
| Which strap muscles are innervated by the ansa cervicalis? (part of the cervical plexus) | Sternohyoid, omohyoid and sternothyroid (thyrohyoid is innervated via the hypoglossal nerve) |
| Where does the omohyoid originate from? | The superior border of the scapula near the suprascapular notch |
| What is the united function of the strap (infrahyoid) muscles? | To depress the hyoid |
| What structures are surrounded by the investing layer of deep cervical fascia? | Sternocleidomastoid, trapezius, submandibular gland and parotid gland |
| What is the investing layer of deep cervical fascia continuous with posteriorly? | Nuchal ligament |
| At what vertebral level does the hyoid bone lie? | C3 |
| What does the pretracheal layer of deep cervical fascia blend with inferiorly? | The fibrous pericardium of the heart |
| Where is the retropharyngeal space located? | Between the buccopharyngeal fascia and the prevertebral fascia |
| What is contained within the carotid sheath? | Common and internal carotid arteries, internal jugular vein, vagus nerve, deep cervical lymph nodes, carotid sinus nerve, sympathetic nerve fibres |
| What fuses with the prevertebral layer of deep cervical fascia centrally? | Anterior longitudinal ligament |
| What does the prevertebral layer of deep fascia extend as laterally? | Axillary sheath |
| What is contained within the axillary sheath? | Axillary artery, vein and its tributaries, nerves of the cords and branches of brachial plexus, lymphatic vessels and axillary lymph nodes |
| What is the function of the retropharyngeal space? | To allow movement of the pharynx, oesophagus and trachea relative to the vertebral column during swallowing |
| What muscles make up the floor of the posterior triangle of the neck? | Splenius capitis, levator scapulae, middle and posterior scalene muscles |
| What nerves are located in the posterior triangle of the neck? | Spinal accessory (XI), roots of the brachial plexus (anterior rami C5-T1), suprascapular, cervical plexus, lesser occipital, great auricular, transverse cervical, supraclavicular and phrenic nerves |
| What does the suprascapular nerve innervate? | supraspinatus and infraspinatus |
| How is the anterior triangle of the neck divided? | Divided into 4 triangles; submental, submandibular, carotid and muscular triangles |
| What are the boundaries of the submental triangle? | Apex is mandibular symphysis, laterally by anterior bellies of digastric, Floor is mylohyoid and base is hyoid bone |
| What are the borders of the submandibular triangle? | Inferior border of the mandible, anterior and posterior bellies of digastric, floor is mylohyoid and hyoglossus and middle pharyngeal constrictor |
| What is contained within the submandibular triangle of the neck? | Submandibular gland, submandibular lymph nodes, hypoglossal nerve (CN XII), nerve to mylohyoid, parts of facial artery and vein and submental artery |
| What lies in the submandibular triangle of the neck? | Submandibular lymph nodes and superficial submandibular veins which unite to form anterior jugular vein |
| What are the boundaries of the carotid triangle of the neck? | Superior belly of omohyoid, posterior belly of digastric and anterior border of sternocleidomastoid |
| What lies inside the carotid triangle of the neck? | Common carotid artery, carotid sinus nerve (from glossopharyngeal CN IX) and carotid body |
| What are the boundaries of the muscular triangle in the neck? | Superior belly of omohyoid, anterior border of sternocleidomastoid and the median plane of the neck |
| What does the muscular triangle of the neck contain? | The infrahyoid muscles and viscera e.g. thyroid and parathyroid glands |
| What are the three cervical sympathetic ganglia of the neck and where are they located? | Cervicothoracic ganglion- ant.to transverse process of C7 Middle cervical ganglion- ant. to inferior thyroid artery Superior cervical ganglion- level of C1/C2 |
| Fibres from which cervical ganglion form the internal carotid sympathetic plexus? | Superior cervical ganglion |
| When might we do a cervicothoracic ganglion block? | To relieve excess vasoconstriction/ vascular spasms involving the brain and upper limb |
| What is horner syndrome caused by? | A lesion of the sympathetic trunk in the neck |
| What is horner syndrome characterised by? | Pupillary constriction (paralysis of dilator pupillae), anydrosis of face and neck, vasodilation, ptosis and enophthalmos of eye |
| What hormones are produced by the thyroid gland? | Thyroid hormone and calcitonin |
| What hormones are produced by the parathyroid glands? | Parathormone (PTH) which controls the metabolism of calcium and phosphorus in the blood |
| What vertebral level does the thyroid gland lie at? | C5-T1 |
| Which three veins drain the thyroid plexus of veins on the anterior surface of the thyroid and trachea? | Superior thyroid veins (drain superior poles), middle thyroid veins (drain middle lobes) and inferior thyroid veins (drain inferior poles) |
| Where do the superior and middle thyroid veins drain into? | Internal jugular vein |
| Where do the inferior thyroid veins drain into? | Brachiocephalic veins- posterior to the manubrium |
| At what spinal level does the thyroid cartilage lie at? | C4 |
| What is the blood supply of the parathyroid glands? | Inferior thyroid arteries |
| What is the lymphatic drainage of the thyroid gland? | Inferior deep cervical lymph nodes |
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