Flashcards
Linguistics
Cards in this deck (28)
- 1Icona sign that is fit to signify because of resemblance between the sign and what it stands for
e.g. diagrams
bathroom signs - 2Indexa sign that is fit to signify because of a real material relation between the sign and what it stands for
e.g. smoke = fire
cloud = rain - 3Symbola sign that is fit to signify because of some agreement that it does (arbitrary; by convention)
e.g. ♂ ♀ - 4Pragmatic competence(communicative)
appropriate expressions in context,
understanding of speaker's intentions
form + content + context - 5Semantic competence(meaning)
general knowledge of word meanings
form + content - 6Structural competence(grammatical)
based on form e.g. phonetics
form - 7Duality of Patterning (Charles Hockett's design features)The ability to combine meaningless parts (sounds) into meaningful wholes (words)
- 8Arbitrariness (Charles Hockett's design features)the absence of any natural/necessary connection between a word's meaning and its sound
- 9Productivity (Charles Hockett's design features)the limitless ability to use any natural language to say new things
- 10Displacement (Charles Hockett's design features)allows users to talk about things and events other than those occurring in the here and now
- 11Locutionary contentcore meaning of a sentence
e.g. were you born in a barn? - 12Illocutionary forceintention of speaker - changes with different context
e.g. close the door
("were you born in a barn?") - 13Descriptive grammara set of rules that describe the structure of a language as it is actually used by speakers and writers
- 14Prescriptive grammara set of rules that prescribe how people should speak and write 'properly'
(used when teaching/learning a second language) - 15Morphememinimal unit of linguistic expression associated with meaning
- 16Allomorphvariant form of a morpheme
- 17Phoneticsthe acoustics and articulation of sounds
studies the physical properties of sounds and their articulation - 18Phonologyhow to pronounce words and sentences
the system of contrastive relationships among speech sounds that constitute fundamental components of a language - 19Morphologyhow to form words from smaller parts
knowledge that is reflected in ones ability to analyse words into meaningful parts - 20Syntaxhow to form sentences
governs the structuring of phrases and sentences - 21Linguisticshuman knowledge of language
(a cognitive science)
study of the general principles which govern all languages - 22Lexemeset of grammatical words that are in some sense forms of the same word
(what you would look for in the dictionary) - 23Predicatea word or word clause which modifies the subject or object of a sentence
- 24Clausea minimal linguistic expression to which a truth value can be assigned
e.g. I fear spiders
fear (fearer, feared) - 25Adjacency pairconversational turn-taking
two utterances by two speakers, one after the other
e.g. complaint -> apology
offer -> refusal/acceptance - 26Recursionwhen a structure can be embedded in a similar structure
(sentence within a sentence) - 27Derivationan affix which changes the meaning of a word
e.g. soft + ly = softly - 28Inflectionaffix (always suffix in English) that changes the grammar
e.g. -ing/ -ed/ -es/ -er/ -est