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C1

WholcokedOtaku Triple Science GCSE English 69 cards

C1

Cards in this deck (69)

  1. 1DistillationIs used to separate the components in a mixture of liquid which have different boiling points. E.g A mixture of ethanol (b.p 78) and water (b.p 100)
  2. 2Fractional DistillationUsed when the components in a mixture have very similar boiling points.
  3. 3FractionIs a mixture of hydrocarbons of similar Carbon Chain length.
  4. 4Crude oilMixture of many different hydrocarbons.
  5. 5HydrocarbonsCompounds made up of Hydrogen and Carbon only.
  6. 6Crude oil seperationDifferent fractions have different boiling points and this property is used to separate fractions from crude oil.
  7. 7Fractional Distillation columnFractional Distillation column
  8. 8AlkanesSaturated (Maximum possible hydrocarbons) Hydrocarbons (compounds of carbon and hydrogen)
    No Carbon-Carbon double bond
    General formula= CnH2n+2
    Carbon makes 4 bonds
    Hydrogen makes 1 bond
  9. 9General Alkanesh
    Methane= CH4 h c h
    h
    Ethane=C2H6
    Propane=C3H8
    Butane=C4H10
    Pentane=C5H12
  10. 10Distillation PropertiesFlammability
    Viscosity(Thickness)
    Size of Carbon Chains
  11. 11Burning FuelsHydrocarbon + Oxygen -> Carbon Dioxide + Water
    Coal + Impurities of Sulphur + Oxygen -> CO2 +H2O + Sulphur Dioxide
    Hydrocarbon + Insufficient O2 -> Carbon Monoxide + H2O
  12. 12PollutantsCO2 = Global Warming
    Carbon Monoxide= Poisonous
    Sulphur Dioxide= Acid Rain
    Nitrogen oxide= Acid Rain + Triggers asthma
    Carbon Particulates(small particles of carbon)= Smog/smoke/fog -> poor visibility
  13. 13Alternative fuelsHydrogen
    Ethanol
    Biodiesel
  14. 14Using Hydrogen as a fuelProduction= Electrolysis of water
    2H2O -> 2H2 +O2
    OR
    Using Methane= Methane + Steam-> Carbon monoxide + Hydrogen
    Burning hydrogen=
    H2+O2 -> H20
  15. 15Advantages of using Hydrogen as a fuelOnly water vapours are produced when burnt.
  16. 16Disadvantages of using Hydrogen as a fuelFormation of Hydrogen produces a poisonous gas (Methane production).
    Electrolysis of water needs electricity.
    Can explode as it is highly flammable.
    H2 is a gas, so storage is a problem as it needs low temperature, but high pressure.
  17. 17Using Ethanol as a fuelAn Alcohol.
    Production of ethanol= Glucose(sugarcane) ->(yeast and 37C) Ethanol +CO2
    C6H12O6 -> C2H5OH +CO2
  18. 18Advantages of using Ethanol as a fuelRenewable
    Carbon neutral fuel.(?)
  19. 19Disadvantages of using ethanol as a fuelBurning Ethanol produces CO2.
    Quite flammable.
    Shortage of land-shortage of food crops-starvation.
  20. 20Bio-dieselA fuel produced from plant sources.
  21. 21Production of bio-desielProduction of bio-desiel
  22. 22CombustionHydrocarbon + Oxygen -> Carbon dioxide + Water
    Hydrocarbon = (Insufficient) Oxygen -> Carbon monoxide + Water + Carbon
    Sulphur + Hydrocarbon + Oxygen -> Carbon dioxide + Sulphur dioxide + Water
    Nitrogen + Oxygen -> (High Temperature) Nitrogen oxide
  23. 23(Catalytic) CrackingThe process where larger, less useful hydrocarbons are broken into smaller and more useful molecules, using heat and a catalyst.
    An example of Thermal Decompostion.
  24. 24An example of CrackingOctane -> Ethene + Hexane
    (Heated to 800C with AL2O3 or Aluminum oxide/Alumina)
    h h
    C8H18 -> C=C
    h h
    + C6H14
  25. 25Definition of CatalystA substance which speeds up the reaction without being used up within the reaction.
  26. 26AlkenesUnsaturated Hydrocarbons
    Unsaturated means in the molecule there is at least ONE carbon-carbon double bond present
    e.g C=C
  27. 27General Formula for AlkenesCnH2n
  28. 28Bromine Water and Alkenes/AlkanesBromine water starts of yellow/orange
    Bromine water stays the same colour in the presence of an ALKANE
    Bromine water goes colourless in the presence of an ALKENE.
  29. 29Demand for ALKANESShorter alkanes are more in demand than longer alkanes because they are used as fuel/easier to ignite
    A fraction of crude oil that has more demand than what meets supply is petrol.
    One fraction of crude oil that is in greater supply than demand is fuel oil.
  30. 30Products made from crackingAlkanes= Fuels
    Alkenes= Plastics
  31. 31PolymersPlastics are long chained molecules (1000s of atoms)
    Long chained molecules are called polymers which are formed by joining small molecules called monomers.
    Formed when many monomers join together- reaction called addition polymerisation
  32. 32MonomersSmall molecules
    At least ONE carbon-carbon double bond.
  33. 33Polymer formulah h
    n C=C
    h h
    ->
    (h h)
    (C=C)
    ( h h)
  34. 34Polymer examplesPropene -> Polypropene
    Styrene -> Polystyrene
    Vinylchloride -> Polyvinylchloride
  35. 35Designer PolymersPolymers that have been designer for different uses.
  36. 36Shape memory polymerA polymer that changes shape as the temperature changes.
    Useful for braces.
  37. 37HydrogelsPolymers that work by when the sodium particulates are taken away, the polymer uncoils and the water molecules are attracted to the uncoiled chains.
    Useful for nappies
  38. 38Dental polymersPolymers that when UV light is shone on them, they paste together.
    Better than metal fillings as they don't conduct heat, and they paste together to make a solid filling.
    Useful for fillings
  39. 39Polymer developments1. Food packaging that changes colour when food goes off.
    2. Anti-microbial chemicals in packaging to extend shelf life.
  40. 40PTFEBreathable fabric- allow water from sweat to escape.
    Work- three layers, outer, PTFE, inner.
    Outer layer gets wet.
    PTFE- small holes to allow water vapour through, but not water droplets.
  41. 41Disposing of plasticsBurning polymers
    Burying plastics
    Exporting plastic
    Re-using plastic
    Reducing plastic
    Recycling plastic
    Bio-degradable plastic
  42. 42Burning plasticsadv- can be used to generate electricity
    dis- plastics give off toxic fumes when burnt
  43. 43Burying plasticsDoes not biodegrade.
  44. 44Exporting plasticPlaces such as New York have run out of room in landfill- export out of the state to get rid off their plastic,- somewhere else has to deal with it.
  45. 45Re-using plasticadv- easy to do
    dis- most plastic is used for packaging, and thus a one off use.
  46. 46Reducing plastic useSome foods can be used to make packaging.
    Paper bags.
    Wrapping food in greaseproof paper rather than cling film.
  47. 47Types of plastic (main types)1.PETE poly(ethene)terephthalate
    2. HDPE High density poly(ethene)
    3. PVC Poly Vinyl Chloride
    4. LDPE Low density poly(ethene)
    5. PP Poly(propene)
    6. PS Polysterene
  48. 48Biodegradable plasticsScientists use biotechnology to change genes in potatoes, so they make plastic instead of starch.
  49. 49EthanolC2H5OH
  50. 50Uses of ethanol1. Biofuel
    2. Alcoholic drinks
    3. Hand gel, aftershave, perfumes (low boiling point)
    4. Disinfectant in hospital hand gel
  51. 51Making ethanol (Fermentation of carbohydrate)Fermentation of plant source
    C6H12O6 ->(yeast) CO2 + C2H5OH
    37C (35C-40C)
    Normal (low) pressure
    Yeast catalyst
    Absence of oxygen+water
    Batch process (stop/start-labour intensive)
    Slow reaction + impure ethanol
    Sustainable
    Carbon neutral
  52. 52Making ethanol (Ethane + steam)Crude oil
    CH2 = CH2 +H2O -> C2H5OH
    300C
    60-80 atm (pressure)
    Phosphoric acid as a catalyst
    Continuous process
    Fast reaction rate
    Pure ethanol
    Not sustainable
    Energy is needed and uses non renewable resources
  53. 53Extraction of plant oils Crushing1. Seeds/plant material is crushed.
    2. Oil is removed via pressing.
    3. Unrefined oil with impurities.
    4. Impurities removed.
    5. Refined oil obtained.
  54. 54Extraction of plant oils Boiling1. Plants put in boiling water.
    2. Oil evaporates from plants.
    3. Collected by condensing it.
    4. Water and impurities removed for pure oil.
  55. 55Types of oilsSaturated oils
    Monounsaturated oils
    Polyunsaturated oils
  56. 56Saturated oilsOnly carbon-carbon SINGLE bonds present
    NO carbon-carbon double bonds
  57. 57Monounsaturated oilsOnly ONE carbon-carbon DOUBLE bond present
  58. 58Polyunsaturated oilsMany Carbon-Carbon DOUBLE bonds present.
    "Healthy" oil.
  59. 59Detection of unsaturationBromine water- Yellow Br2 turns colourless
    Iodine water -Brown I2 water turns colourless
    n.b mor unsaturation in the molecules, the more Br2/I2 water will be needed.
  60. 60Saturated oil/fatSolid at room temperature
    High melting point
    Mainly present in animals
    Unhealthy
  61. 61Unsaturated oil/fatLiquid at room temperature (usually)
    Low boiling point
    Plant oils are mostly unsaturated
    Healthy
  62. 62Hydrogenation/hardening of oilNumber of Carbon-Carbon double bonds are reduced by reacting vegetable oil with hydrogen in the presence of a catalyst.
    Useful- making margarine form sunflower oil and spreads.
  63. 63EmulsionsFormed when droplets of one liquid (i.e oil) are suspended in another liquid (i.e water)
  64. 64Water and oilDO NOT MIX
    Water is polar, oil is nonpolar
    Water molecule- small
    Oil molecule- large
  65. 65ImmiscibleTwo liquids that DO NOT MIX
  66. 66MiscibleTwo liquids that MIX
  67. 67EmulsifierThe molecule that slows the time taken for the immiscible liquids to seperate
  68. 68Formation of an emulsion Oil and waterEmulsifier's hydrophobic tail binds with oil, hydrophilic head binds with water.
    Charged droplets repel each other- spread apart in water.
    Small droplets collide + form bigger droplets.
    Mixture separates and two layers form.
    Emulsion with emulsifier takes longer to separate.
  69. 69Earth's structureasdfghjkl;

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