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| Question | Answer |
| 14th Amendment | One of the Civil War Amendment; define US citizenship and guarantees "equal protection under the laws" |
| De jure segregation | Segregation established by law. For example Jim Crow & the Supreme Court decision in Plessy v. Ferguson |
| De facto segregation | Latin phrase that means "by fact". Segregation that occurred NOT by law but as a result of tradition. EX. in 1900's blacks and whites attended separate churches |
| Jim Crow laws | Segregation laws in the south |
| Original Jurisdiction | Authority of a court to hear a case for the FIRST time |
| Appellate jurisdiction | The authority of a court to hear a case APPEALED from a lower court |
| Legal brief | A written document explaining the position of one side or the other in a case |
| Majority Opinion | A statement that presents the views of the majority of the Supreme Court justices regarding a case |
| Dissenting opinion | A statement written by a Supreme Court justice who disagrees with the majority opinion, presenting his or her own opinion |
| "stare decisis" | Principle followed by judges and the Supreme Court: a latin term that means "Let yesterday's decision stand" |
| Precedent | A ruling that is used as the basis for a judicial decision in a later, similar case |
| Dus process of laws | Means fair and equal treatment in a court of laws. 5th & 14th amendments mention due process of laws |
| Dred Scott v. Sanford (1857) | Case of a slave named Dred Scott. The Supreme Court ruled that enslaved African Americans were property, not citizens, and had no rights under the constitution |
| Plessy v. Ferguson (1896) | Case about Homer Plessy, a black man, who purchased a ticket to ride in the whites only railroad car in Louisiana. Case established "separate but equal" doctrine |
| Brown v. Board of Education of Topeka, Kansas (1954) | Banned segregation in public schools |
| Briggs v. Elliot (1954) | Case that challenged segregated schools in Clarendon County, South Carolina |
| Korematsu v. United States (1944) | During WWII Japanese American citizens living on the West Coast were moved to internment camps. Supreme Court upheld the President's authority to do this. This case is an example of the President's power to issue an executive order, checks and balances, and judicial review |
| University of California v. Bakke (1978) | Supreme Court case on affirmative action. It bars use of racial quota systems in college admissions but also affirmative actions programs are constitutional |
