3890031
Description
| Question | Answer |
| Bahrick(1975) investigated duration of the LTM. What was the aim of his study? | His aim was to identify whether or not people could remember the names and faces of their classmates many years after they had left school. |
| What were the results of Bahrick's study? | 90% of faces were successfully recognised up to 35 years after graduation. When recognising names, 90% were successful up to 15 years after graduation and then the figure dropped. When matching names to faces, there was a 90% success rate until about 48 years later and then there was a decline in memory. |
| Evaluate Bahrick's study into duration of LTM | :) There is high ecological validity as Bahrick was asking participants to test real-life memory. :( There was less control over important variables :( Only one type of LTM was being tested - recognition of classmates faces. |
| Baddeley(1966) investigated encoding in the STM and the LTM. What was the aim and procedure of his study? | The aim of his study was to investigate the main form of encoding in the STM and LTM by identifying errors in the recall of semantically similar and dissimilar words and errors in the recall of acoustically similar and dissimilar words |
| What was the procedure used in Bahrick's study? | It was a cross-sectional study using 392 ex-classmates who had graduated anywhere from 2 weeks to 57 years ago. They were asked to free recall names of any of their classmates from high school. They were then shown sets of photographs from high school yearbooks and had to match names with faces or select a classmate from a set of 5 photos (4 of them being decoys) |
| What can you conclude from Bahrick's study? | This suggests memories can be held in long-term memories without distortion for a very long period of time. However, after a period of time, there may be some degeneration, possibly as a result of old age rather than the age of the memory itself. The images helped as a visual retrieval cue for the names of old classmates which increased the percentage of recognition. |
| What was the procedure used in Baddeley's study? | Participants (in an independent measures design) were presented with 4 sets of words and then asked to recall them. 1. Acoustically similar words 2. Acoustically dissimilar words 3. Semantically similar words 4. Semantically dissimilar words |
| What were the results and findings of Baddeley's study for STM recall? | With immediate recall (testing STM) there were more substitution errors on acoustically similar words than for acoustically dissimilar words. There was no difference in the performance at immediate recall on either of the semantically lists. This points to the significance of what a word sounds like for encoding in the STM as you can confuse it by having a list of similar sounding words. |
| What were the results and findings of Baddeley's study for LTM recall? | When participants were asked to to recall the word lists after a time interval performance was the same for the acoustically similar and dissimilar words. However, there were marked differences for the semantically similar and dissimilar words. Participants were more likely to make substitution errors in semantically similar. This points to the importance of meaning and suggests the information in long-term memory is encoded semantically. Words with similar meanings cause confusion as opposed to words with distinct meaning. |
| Peterson and Peterson(1959) investigated duration of STM. What was the aim of their study? | The aim of the experiment was to investigate the duration of STM using the Brown-Peterson technique, by investigating whether trigrams can be recalled following an interference task of varying length. |
| What was the procedure used in the Peterson&Peterson study? | Participants were briefly shown a trigram and asked to recall it after a period of either 3,6,9,12,15 or 18 seconds. They were given an interference task of counting backwards in 3's from a random high number between the initial presentation of the trigrams and recall. This was to prevent rehearsal, which is known to increase the duration of STM. The procedure was repeated several times with each participant using different trigrams. |
| Evaluate Baddeley's study of encoding in the STM and LTM | :) There is good control over the independent variable in the experiment making it easier to suggest a cause-effect relationship :) Provides good evidence that encoding in LTM is semantic and STM is acoustic :( Lacking of ecological validity |
| What were the results of the Peterson&Peterson study? | 80% of participants were had successful recall after a 3 second time period. 40% after 6 seconds, and 10% after 18 seconds. |
| What were the findings for the Peterson&Peterson study? | As the time between presentation and recall of the trigrams were increased, the rate of successful recall decreased. If rehearsal is prevented, information can be retained for only a short period of time, the memory trace has basically disappeared after 18 seconds. |
| Evaluate Peterson&Peterson's study into duration of STM | :) Using a laboratory experiment meant that the IV is under direct manipulation this in turn allows cause-effect relationship to be established :( Trigrams are not representative of everyday memory and so the study lacks ecological validity |
| Jacobs(1887) investigated capacity of STM. What was the aim of his study? | The aim of the experiment was to identify how many items of information a participant could immediately recall. |
| What was the procedure used in the Jacobs study of capacity in the STM? | Participants are read a series of either digits (digit span technique) or letters. After each series (starting with one item, then two, then three etc) participants had to immediately recall what they had heard. Their capacity was measured as the number of digits/letters in the last correctly recalled series. |
| What were the results and findings for the Jacobs study of capacity in STM? | He found that the average STM span (number of items accurately recalled) was between 5 and 9 items. Digits were recalled better (9.3 items) than letters (7.3.) STM span increased with age. In one sample he found a 6.6 average for 8 year old children compared to an 8.6 average for 19-year olds. |
| Evaluate Jacobs study into the capacity of STM | :) Later studies (Miller 1956) have supported Jacobs findings and conclusions. :( Lacking in ecological validity- memory is being used for an artificial task :( Previous sequences recalled by participants may have confused them on future trials |
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