UCOR 2000 Final

Question	Answer
Treaty of Versailles 1919 (Britain, Italy, France, and the U.S.)	Formally concluded the war in 1919. In this treaty, Germany lost its colonial empire with 15% of it's European territory, was required to pay heavily towards 'winning' countries, had its military forces restricted and accepted sole responsibility for the start of the War.
Woodrow Wilson/Fourteen Points 1918	U.S. president who created the fourteen points in 1918, which focused on international life such as the idea of the League of Nations. The League of Nations was a new international peacekeeping organization committed to "collective security" and intended to avoid the events that happened in WWI.
The Great Depression 1929	During the nineteenth century after WWI, the living standards of millions had raised causing an individualistic materialism. The American stock market crashed in Oct 24, 1929 which was followed by 11 Wall street financiers committing suicide. Banks closed, many lost their savings and investments, world trade dropped by 62%, businesses were unable to sell their products, and unemployment soared.
Franklin Roosevelt's New Deal 1933- 1942	President Roosevelt's new deal was an experimental combination of reforms seeking to restart economic growth and to prevent future hardship. It included social security, minimum wage, relief and welfare programs. It also supported labor unions to strengthen workers relationships with managers and subsidies for farmers to encourage production. Immediate programs for public spending such as the building of dams, highways, bridges, and parks; along with federal regulation and supervision of the economy. Ultimately the New Deal was not able to end the Great Depression.
Fascism 1919-1945	Between 1919 and 1945, a new political ideology took place all over Europe. Fascism was intense nationalism, that sought to revitalize and purify its nation and mobilize its people for greater tasks. Fascism opposed of individualism, liberalism, feminism, parliamentary democracy and communism.
NATO 1949	Was an American rival military alliance created during the cold war in 1949. Soviet Union insisted on security and control of Eastern Europe that clashed with American and British desires for open and democratic societies with capitalist ties.
Russian Revolution 1917	The combination of the hardships of World War I and social tensions of industrialization led to the Russian Revolution. Activists parties recruited members, published newspapers and organized demonstrations. By February of 1917, Tsar Nicoloas II had lost all support and was forced to give up the throne. The Bolsheviks later came in to power, as they fought to enforce communist qualities(worker compensation) and end Russia's part in WWI.
Building socialism	In the Soviet Union this took place under the leadership of Joseph Stalin in the 1920's and 1930's. While in China this took during the 1950's and 1960's with Mao Zedong. Building socialism meant social modernization and industrialization of their societies. This involved an attack on long standing inequalities of class and gender, prevention of new inequalities, and promotion of cultural values of selfishness and collectivism.
Cuban missile crisis 1962	The Soviet Union fearing the loss of their new found Caribbean ally to America, secretly deployed nuclear tipped missiles to Cuba to prevent American action against Castro. Later a compromise was made between Leader Khrushchev and President J.F. Kennedy, where the missiles were removed in return for America's promise to not invade Cuba.
Political cost: Four European Empires Collapse	1.) Austria- Hungary 2.) Ottoman Empire 3.) German Empire 4.) Russian Empire
Political Costs of WWI	A buffer zone of “new” states were created between Russia and Germany carved out of the Austrian Empire. German territory near the French border was demilitarized. The ottoman empire was replaced with new states such as: Turkey, Syria, Iraq, Jordan and Palestine.
Nikita Khrushchev (1953)	Soviet leader that had risen to power after Stalin's death in 1953. He gave a speech exposing all of Stalin's crimes in 1956 and began the process of de-stalinization. He was also directly involved in the Cuban missile crisis in 1962. During this time China lost all support since they felt he backed out of the Cuban missile crisis; and fell through on his promises to provide a prototype for an atomic bomb.
Islamic renewal 1970's	Islamic renewal movements that took place after 1970's. It insisted that the Quran and the sharia (Islamic law) were a guide for life and Islamic modernity was not dependent on western ideas. It was argued that only a return to the "straight path of Islam" would ensure a revival of Muslim societies. (The effort to return to Islamic principals is called jihad)
The third world	Neutral and non- allied countries during the Cold War. Most of these countries had been under control of foreign powers and condemned the U.S. for its history of slavery, racism, and imperialism based on racial hierarchy. Examples: Mexico and South America.
North/South gap	Is the socio-economic and political division that exists between the wealthy developed countries, known collectively as “the North,” and the poorer developing countries (least developed countries), or “the South". “The North” mostly covers the West and the First World, with much of the Second World.
Decolonization Early twentieth century to mid twentieth century	Process in which many African and Asian states won their independence from Western colonial rule. In most cases by negotiated settlement with gradual political reforms and a program of investment rather than through military confrontation.
Indian National Congress (1885)	Political party established in 1885, that was made up of an association of English educated Indians. It was unique in that the members did not seek to overthrow British rule; rather they hoped to gain greater inclusion in the political, military and business life of British India. They were not taken seriously by the British until 1917, when in an effort to gain India's support for the war they promised a self governed institution.
Mahatma Gandhi	Was an educated lawyer who worked in South Africa in 1893, where he faced discrimination as an Indian. His political philosophy was known as Satyagraha, (truth force) which was a non- violent approach to political action. In South Africa, he organized Indians and Muslims to protest against British policies. He later returned to India in 1915, where he received leadership in the Indian National Congress and was able to get more political power for the Indians.
Korean war (1950-1953)	Armed forces from communist North Korea smash into South Korea, setting off the Korean War. The United States, acting under the auspices of the United Nations, quickly sprang to the defense of South Korea and fought a bloody and frustrating war for the next three years.The Korean War was the first “hot” war of the Cold War. Over 55,000 American troops were killed in the conflict. Korea was the first “limited war,” one in which the U.S. aim was not the complete and total defeat of the enemy, but rather the “limited” goal of protecting South Korea. For the U.S. government, such an approach was the only rational option in order to avoid a third world war and to keep from stretching finite American resources too thinly around the globe.
Japan’s occupation 1951	The Allied occupation of Japan at the end of World War II was led by Douglas MacArthur, the Supreme Commander for the Allied Powers, with support from the British Commonwealth. Unlike the occupation of Germany, the Soviet Union was allowed little to no influence over Japan. This foreign presence marked the first time in its history that the nation had been occupied by a foreign power. It transformed the country into a democracy that recalled American "New Deal" priorities of the 1930s politics by Roosevelt. The occupation, code named Operation Blacklist, was ended by the San Francisco Peace Treaty, signed on September 8, 1951 and effective from April 28, 1952, after which Japan's independence – with the exception, until 1972, of the Ryukyu Islands – was restored.
India’s partition	The Partition of India was the partition of the Presidencies and provinces of British India that led to the creation of the sovereign states of the muslin Dominion of Pakistan (it later split into Pakistan and Bangladesh) and the Hindu Union of India (later Republic of India) on 15 August 1947. Dividing colonial India in this way was painful. A million or more people died in the communal violence and the partition caused millions of refugees.
WWI 1914-1919	On June 28th 1914, a Serbian nationalist assassinated the heir to Austro-Hungary, Archduke Ferdinand. Austro-Hungary took this as a threat to all slavic people and since they were allies with Russia who was allies with the French and the British they all went to war along with Germany and their allies.
WWII 1939-1945	WWII initially began in Asia in the 1930's when the rise of nationalism in China threatened Japan. In September of 1939, Germany attacked Poland which triggered the second WW in Europe. Japan relied heavily on foreign trade from the U.S. which grew more hostile as they found out about Japans war on China. After the attack on Pearl harbor in Hawaii in December 1941, the U.S. officially entered the Pacific war and in 1942 joined the struggle against Germany. WWII ended with the use of atomic bombs on Hiroshima and Nagasaki in 1945.
United Nations	Established in 1945, was a political party to resolve conflicts in international affairs but proved most effective for international opinion. Its objectives include maintaining international peace and security, promoting human rights, fostering social and economic development, protecting the environment, and providing humanitarian aid in cases of famine, natural disaster, and armed conflict.
Marshall Plan 1948-1952	Was the United Stated attempt to exercise global leadership and rebuild Europe. It was motivated by a combination of humanitarian concern and a desire to prevent a new depression by creating overseas customers for american industrial goods, and in undermining European communist parties. It required all European countries to cooperate with each other and later resulted in the common market being formed.
Japanese economic miracle (1952-1970)	Was marked by large economic growth in two decades with a rate of 10% per yr,and the severe recession in 1974- 1976. The change of industry structure occurred in the 1980's.
Holocaust 1941	Beginning in late 1941, the Germans began mass transports from the ghettoes in Poland to the concentration camps, starting with those people viewed as the least useful: the sick, old and weak and the very young. The first mass gassings began at the camp of Belzec, near Lublin, on March 17, 1942. Five more mass killing centers were built at camps in Poland. From 1942 to 1945, Jews were deported to the camps from all over Europe, including German-controlled territory as well as those countries allied with Germany.
NAZI Germany and Hitler 1889- 1945	By the 1930's, Hitler had gained the majority of support from the population due to his ability to successfully bring Germany out of depression. In 1933, Hitler was the official chancellor of the German government where he then used Nazi control to outlaw other political parties and alienate the Jews. Besides the 'racial revolution', the Nazi's also wanted to limit women to the home and opposed things that reflected feminism. (For example abortion, contraception, family planning, and sex education.)
Trading blocs 1951	A group of countries within a geographical region that protect themselves from imports from non-members. The first trading bloc was in 1951 called European Coal and Steel community formed by 6 European countries. The most famous and strongly integrated regional block is the European Union established in 1957 (composed of 27 members).
Nuremberg Laws 1935	In 1935, these laws were established to end German citizenship for Jews and forbade marriage or sexual relations from Germans and Jews. Those who violated marriage laws were imprisoned and later in 1938 sent to concentration camps. Non- Jews stopped associating with Jews and refused to shop at jewish owned shops, which led to businesses closing.
Al-Qaeda 1998 to present	A global militant Islamic organization founded by Osama bin Laden. It as been designated as a terrorist organization and has carried out many attacks on targets, including the attack on the Twin Towers in New York City on September 11th, 2001. This program was used to funnel fighters and funds to the afghan resistance.
fundamentalism	A form of religion that upholds belief in the strict, literal interpretation of scripture. This challenged the supernatural religions, and social upheavals had been interconnected with religious traditions. There have been various movements in almost every religion.
Berlin Wall 1961-1989	A barrier separating East and West Berlin built by East Germany (occupied by soviet forces) to keep citizens from escaping to the West. The wall served to prevent the massive emigration that affected East Germany. After a series of political changes and civil unrest the East German government announced that citizens could travel to West Germany.
Bolsheviks 1917	Socialist group led by Vladmimir Ilych Ulyanov also known as Lenin during the Russian Revolution. This socialist party was heavily influenced by Karl Marx and was able to seize power over the capital city of St. Petersburg in 1917. A three year civil war followed and by 1921, Russia had claimed victory over their opponents which was assisted in the signing of the peace treaty with Germany; thus taking Russia out of WWI.
Warsaw Pact 1955	Formed in 1955, was a treaty signed in Warsaw composed of Soviet Union, Albania, Poland, Romania, Hungary, East Germany, Czechoslovakia, and Bulgaria as members. The treaty called on the member states to come to the defense of any member attacked by an outside force and it set up a unified military command under Marshal Ivan S. Konev of the Soviet Union. It remained intact until 1991.
Democracy in Africa	The critique on Africa is that they are not ready for democracy and that they lack crucial ingredients for democratic politics, such as an educated electorate and a middle class. Also Africa's communal values make it more concerned on consensus than majority rule.
Nelson Mandela	The South African activist and former president Nelson Mandela helped bring an end to apartheid and has been a global advocate for human rights. A member of the African National Congress party beginning in the 1940s, he was a leader of both peaceful protests and armed resistance against the white minority’s oppressive regime in a racially divided South Africa. His actions landed him in prison for nearly three decades and made him the face of the anti-apartheid movement both within his country and internationally. Released in 1990, he participated in the eradication of apartheid and in 1994 became the first black president of South Africa, forming a multi-ethnic government to oversee the country’s transition.
Second-wave feminism 1960's	These women took up the equal rights agenda of their nineteenth century predecessors, but with an emphasis now on employment and education rather than strictly voting rights. Open discussions regarding sexuality and rape laws and changes in custody and divorce laws led to passage of Equal Rights Amendment in the U.S. Constitution.
Environmentalism 19th century	Began in the 19th century during the industrial era which brought on an emerging environmental awareness. This did not provoke a global response until the second half of the 20th century, when it rapidly achieved a worldwide dimension. Different parts of the world took different approaches, but the awareness continues to spread today. It encourages pollution control, research on alternative sources of energy, and persuaded millions of people to change their way of life.
Kyoto Protocol 1997	An international agreement setting targets for industrialized countries to reduce greenhouse gas emissions. It is based on the premise that global warming exists and man-made CO2 emissions have caused it. The legally binding agreement between signed up countries requires them to meet emission-reduction-targets of all greenhouse gases.
League of Nations 1920	Was a intergovernmental organization founded in 1920 as a result of Paris peace conference at the end of WWI. It was the first international organization intended to maintain world peace. Its primary goal including preventing wars through collective security and disarmament and settling international disputes through arbitration and negotiation.

Next up

Description

Resource summary

Similar

	Created by jclyn.toledo over 8 years ago