3944857
Description
Flashcards by Ifeoma Ezepue, updated more than 1 year ago
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Created by Ifeoma Ezepue
over 8 years ago
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| Question | Answer |
| Describe briefly the importance of the lymph nodes in relation to immunity | about 45 different lymph nodes in body where immune response initiates |
| Describe briefly the role of dendritic cells in relation to immunity | DC go to the draining lymph nodes crawl around in immature form pick up 'bits and pieces' of bacteria, viruses etc PRR become activated as they recognise PAMPs becomes mature dendritic cells |
| Why may a peanut allergy not be very common in the developing world? | in developed world live in more 'sterile' environment immune systems not designed for this less work for immune system to do so becomes more sensitive - hair trigger response to things it shouldn't do e.g. respond to peanuts = allergy |
| Why is it not practical to have a million lymphocytes for each disease? | restricts flexibility of immune system can't just fight what we know as new diseases come up all the time |
| Why are the cells of our adaptive immune system able to recognise millions of different antigens? What is a possible problem with this? | randomly cut and paste bits of genes and stick them together so every single T cell and B cell are slightly different -some recognise self or things in environment e.g. pollen need to stop these from responding otherwise response to self = autoimmune response to envrio = allergy |
| Pathogens target various compartments of the body which require different host defence mechanisms for eradication. What defence mechanisms are used for pathogens that target the blood, lymph and interstitial spaces? | antibodies complement phagocytosis -extracellular |
| Pathogens target various compartments of the body which require different host defence mechanisms for eradication. What defence mechanisms are used for pathogens that target the epithelial surfaces? | antibodies (IgA) antimicrobial peptides -extracellular |
| Pathogens target various compartments of the body which require different host defence mechanisms for eradication. What defence mechanisms are used for pathogens that target the cytoplasm of the cell? | cytotoxic T cells NK cells -intracellular |
| Pathogens target various compartments of the body which require different host defence mechanisms for eradication. What defence mechanisms are used for pathogens that target the vesicles of the cell? | T cell-dependent macrophage activation -intracellular |
| Worms cause disease too. Which classifications of worms have infected almost 4 billion people worldwide? | hookworms pinworms roundworms (nematodes) |
| Which of the antibodies/immunoglobins are linked to allergies? | IgE |
| Which part of the antibody dictates the function? | the Fc portion of the heavy chain |
| On the heavy and light chains how many of each of V, D and J can you find? | Heavy chain V- 300-1000 D- 13 J- 4 Light chain (kappa then lambda) V- 300, 2 D- 0, 0 J- 4, 3 |
| Is IgD a monomer, dimer or pentamer? | monomer |
| B cells make antibodies with different Fc portions. How do they do this? | IgM made first CD4+ T helper cells help them to switch classes IgE = allergies IgA = secretions across lungs and gut IgG = most common antibody in blood, also found in placenta |
| Antibodies basically do 5 different things. What are they? | Neutralization -bind to things to stop them binding to us Agglutination -stick things together Opsonization -cell can grab Fc portion by coating it with something that is 'grabbable' Activation of complement Antibody-dependent cell killing -e.g. by NK cells |
| Explain how affinity maturation works? | -disease protein goes to germinal centre -dendritic cell keeps disease protein on surface -some B cells also go to germinal centre have antibody molecules on surface which try to bind to disease protein -protein induces mutations at part of gene where you have somatic DNA recombination to make slightly different antibody surface -if better fit - growth factor to stimulate division -if worse fit - killed |
| Explain how the complement cascade works | load of proteins in blood bacteria have different surfaces complement proteins recognise certain processes and stop circulating in blood form a complex on bacteria surface forms a pore causes bacteria to 'pop' |
| There are three ways complement can be activated. What are they? | bacterial sugars in body IgA bind to something that induces complement if you have direct binding of one of the complement proteins |
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