4090252
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Flashcards by Andrea Lawrence, updated more than 1 year ago
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Created by Andrea Lawrence
over 8 years ago
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| Question | Answer |
| “Colored bodies” Rod shaped structures of DNA present in the cell during cell division | Chromatin |
| ___ and ____ are the processes by which the cells reproduce. | Mitsosis and Cytokinesis |
| The period of time between nuclear divisions in called | interphase |
| What are the three phases of Interphase | G1- growth phase (organelles and cytoplasm replacement) S- Synthesis phase (DNAreplicated so the chromosomes consist of two chromatids G2- Growth two phase ( cell growth continues, proteins are synthesized, and centrioles replaced) |
| "colored bodies" rod shaped structures of DNA present in the cell during cell divisions | Chromosomes |
| “Colored bodies” Rod shaped structures of DNA present in the cell during cell division | Chromatin |
| Two identical strands of DNA which form a chromosome after DNA replication. These are separated into two difference cells during mitosis | Chromatids |
| Chromosomes identical in size, shape and prosses the same genes. there are 23 pairs of these | Homologous chromosomes |
| This phase has normal cellular activity (frowth, organelle replication, and protein synthesis) | G1 Phase |
| This phase has protein synthesis and the production of cellular products | G2 phase |
| Chromosomes condense from chromatin and the nuclear membrane disappears | prophase |
| chromosomes line up along the cell's equator | Metaphase |
| Chromosomes line up along the cell's equator | Metaphase |
| Sister chromatids on each chromosome separate, and begin to move towards the poles of the cells | anaphase |
| Chromosomes reach the poles of the cell, begin to unwind, and then assume the form of chromatin | Telephase |
| Division of the cytoplasm is not part of mitosis, but usually occurs at the same time. Here, the cells divide in half. Each half receives half of the cytoplasm | Cytokinesis |
| The process that reduces the diploid number chromosomes from 4 to the haploid number of 23 to produce | Meiosis |
| This part of meiosis separates the homologous chromosomes into two different cells | Meiosis 1 |
| This part of Meiosis separates the chromatid pairs of the chromosome into different cells | Meiosis 2 |
| The chromosomes take the form of chromatin during this phase, and they replicate to produce the two chromatids | Interphase |
| Chromatin condenses to form chromosomes. Homologous chromosomes form pairs synapsis and cross- over during synapsis. The result is no longer identical chromatids. The nuclear envelope disappears and the spindle apparatus forms late | Prophase I |
| The homologous chromosomes pair along the equatorial plane of the cell so each homog is on the opposite side of the plane | Metaphase 1 |
| The homologous chromosomes separate, and are drawn to the opposite poles of the cell | Anaphase 1 |
| The homologous chromosomes reach the opposite poles of the cell, and cytokinesis occurs. The resulting two cells each have the haploid number of chromosomes. | Telophase 1 |
| Meiosis II consist of prophase, metaphase, anaphase, and Telophase. The only notable event to occur in meiosis II is the separation of the two chromatids of each chromosome. Results in 4 haploid cells (with 23 chromosomes) | Meiosis 2 |
| A heritable feature of an organism that varies among individuals. Like flower color, or freckles. | Character |
| a variety or state of a character. Like no freckles or a white flower color in peas | Trait |
| Functional unit of heredity. Found at particular locations on a chromosome, and the nucleotide sequence determines the primary structure of all polypeptides and proteins. You get 2/ trait. One from each parent | structural gene |
| alternative form of a gene which occurs at the same location on all homologous chromosomes. Like A, B, or O for a blood type | allele |
| The actual alleles present for a given gene on homologous chromosomes. these are expressed in letters | Genotype |
| The outward expression of a genotype. described with adjectives | Phenotype |
| a genotype with the same alleles for a gene on homologous chromosome. | Homozygous |
| The allele expressed in a phenotype when a genotype is heterozygous. | Dominant allele |
| A genetic condition when neither allele is dominant over another, but both are expressed in the phenotype. Like A and B are in blood typing | Codominat |
| The two major adaptations in reproductive biology exhibited by humans | Internal fertilization (sperm directly into body, and secondary oocytes are fertilized inside the female) Viviparity (when embryos are retained in females body, and the mother provides all nutrients through gas exchange) |
| The acrosome is composed of granular enzymes to dissolve the ___ which surrounds the secondary oocyte. | zona pellucida |
| which part of the sperm contains the mitochondria? | the midpiece |
| ___ tissues are located the length of the penis are dorsally to the urethra. and make up the bulk of the penis. | corpora cavernosa |
| the ____ is located the length of the penis beneath the corpora cavernosa and encircles the urethra | corpora spongiosum |
| contains a series of lobule which contain seminiferous tubule The lobules are also associated with interstitial cells, which produce testosterone | testes |
| this tissue lines the lumen of the testes, and produces spermatids. | seminiferous epithelium |
| structure is an external sac of skin and smooth muscle, and contains testies. | scrotum |
| These are the primary reproductive organ of males. Produce sperm and hormones like testosterone | testes |
| Series of convoluted ducts combining into a comma shaped organ on the back of each testis. Spermatids differentiate into sperm and are stored here | epidiymis |
| these ducts connect the epididymis with the ejaculatory ducts. serve as sites for sperm storage and conduct sperm to the ejaculatory ducts during an ejaculation | ductus deferens |
| short ducts formed by the merging of the duct from the seminal vesicle and the vas deferens. Conduct sperm to the urethra | ejaculatory ducts |
| sac like glands are about 5cm long. their ducts empty into the ductus degerens. The produce about 60% of the semen's volume | seminal vesicles |
| gland surrounding the urethra where it exits the bladder. it produces about 30% of the semen's volume | prostate gland |
| these are a pair of small glands located laterally on the urethra posterior to the prostate gland. They produce an alkaline mucous which lubricates the head of the penis | bulbourethral gland |
| these structures are composed of a primary oocye surrounded by a singe layer of squamous cells | primordial follicles |
| These follicles are larger than the primordial follicles and the primary oocytes. They are surrounded by several layers of cuboidal cells | primary follicles |
| These follicles develop a fluid filled cavity called the antrum that surrounds the secondary oocyte | secondary follicles |
| these large follicles have a well developed central chamber called the antrum, which is surrounded by granulosa cells. | mature follicles |
| In a mature follicle, the secondary oocyte ispuse to one side and is surrounded by several layers of cells. The ___ is a glycoprotein gelatinous covering of the oocyte. | zona pellucida |
| The ___ is a layer of cells that surround the zona pellucida on the inside of the antrum | Corona radiata |
| primary reproductive organs of females. located on the posterior wall of the female body cavity in the superior pelvic region. They contain ovarian follicles that produce secondary oocytes and hormones like estrogen and progesterone. | Ovaries |
| Small ducts that open into the body cavity near the ovaries. Extend from ovaries to uterus. The secondary oocyte or zygote travels from the ovaries through these tubes to the uterus. Fertilization most often occurs in here | Uterine tubes/ fallopian tubes/ oviducts |
| The uterine tubes widen into a funnel shaped structure that opens into the body cavity immediately next to the ovary. the opening of this has fimbriae, which facilitate the movement of the secondary oocyte into the uterine tube | Infundibulum |
| Thick muscular organ that lies between the uterine tubes and vagina. Positioned posterior to the urinary bladder, and anterior to the rectum. | Uterus |
| innermost layer of the uterus, serves as the location of fetal development | endometrium |
| Structure is the inferior part of the uterus, immediately superior to the vagina | Cervix |
| Females external genitalia, composed four structures, Mons pubis, labia majora, labia minora, and clitoris | Vulva |
| Pad of fatty tissue that is superior to the pubic symphysis. It serves as a cushion | Mons pubis |
| Pair of thick folds of skin on either side of the vaginal opening. Partially protect the vaginal opening and are involved in sexual arousal. | Labia majora |
| Pair of smaller folds of skin that lie beneath the labia majora and surround the urethral and vaginal openings | Labia minora |
| Small projection located between the labia majora just below the mons pubis. It is homologous to the glans penis in males and functions in sexual arousal | clitoris |
| The four major events that happen during the first trimester | Cleavage, implantation, placentation, and embryogenesis |
| When the second cell is fertilized it becomes a single cell called the | zygote |
| During G1 of interphase the cell is in normal activity and has __ chromosomes | 46 single |
| During G2 and S of interphase the cells is undergoing replication, is making extra cytoplasm and ribosomes, how many chromosomes does it have? | 46 double |
| The cell has ___ cells in prophase and metaphase of mitosis | 46 double |
| Which phase of mitosis has 1. Chromatids condense to chromosomes 2. Nuclear envelope disappears | Prophase |
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