4219854
Description
Flashcards by clairedelune01, updated more than 1 year ago
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Created by clairedelune01
over 8 years ago
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| Question | Answer |
| Falsifiable | Inherent possibility to prove a hypothesis or theory to be false. |
| Parsimony | Adoption of the simplest assumption when forming a theory/interpreting data |
| Variable | Something that is prone to change/variation |
| Control | To verify or regulate an experiment by conducting another experiment or by comparing to a standard |
| Replication | Repetition of an experiment to confirm findings and to ensure accuracy |
| Dependant Variable | Responds to the independent variable (what is being measured in the experiment) |
| Independent Variable | What is being measured during the experiment (treatment). What we are manipulating ex: fertilizer used, temperature |
| Monomer | Molecule that can join other molecules to form a polymer |
| Polymer | A large molecule comprised of smaller molecules (monomers) |
| PCR | Polymerase chain reaction-copying a piece(s) of DNA |
| DNA | Deoxyribonucleic acid- genetic material of all living organisms |
| In Vitro | Experiment carried out outside of the cell (test tube) |
| In Vivo | Experiment carried out inside living organism |
| Locus | Specific location/position of a gene in a DNA sequence on a chromosome (where trait may be) |
| Allele | One possible form of a gene occupying a specific spot on a chromosome that controls a trait |
| Diploid | Cell/organism with paired chromosomes, one from each parent (2n) |
| Haploid | Cell/organism with half the number of usual chromosome (gametes-n) |
| Homozygous | An individual that has two of the same allele of a gene ex: RR, rr |
| Heterozygous | An individual that has two different alleles of a gene ex: Rr |
| Genotype | Individual's collection of genes. Can also refer to the two alleles inherited for a certain gene |
| DNA Fingerprint | A test to evaluate genetic info of a person |
| Allelic Ladder | DNA fragments that respect common alleles at a locus |
| Gene | Locus of a DNA that acts as instructions to make a protein |
| Transcription | First part of DNA replication, where DNA is copied to RNA |
| RNA Polymerase | Enzyme that constructs RNA from a DNA template (transcription) |
| Messenger RNA (mRNA) | A type of RNA that carries the code or chemical blueprint for a specific protein (conveys info from nucleus to ribosome where they specify amino acid sequence) |
| Translation | Process where ribosomes create protein from mRNA in the transcription stage |
| Codon | A sequence of 3 nucleotides that correspond with an amino acid |
| Reading Frame | Way of dividing the sequence of nucleotides into consecutive non-overlapping triplets |
| Secondary Structure | Pattern of hydrogen bonds of the protein (α-helix & β-sheet) |
| Gene Expression | Process by which info from a gene is used in the synthesis of a functional gene product (The conversion of the information from the gene into mRNA via transcription and then to protein via translation resulting in the phenotypic manifestation of the gene) |
| Operator | Segment of DNA where the transcription factor binds to in order to regulate gene expression. |
| Repressor | Blocks attachment of RNA polymerase to the promoter |
| Variance | The measure of variation shown by a set of observations |
| F-Ratio | Comparing the variance within the group to the between group variance (BGV/WGV) |
| Null Hypothesis | That there would be no significant difference between the observed data and the data we expected |
| Mitochondria | Organelle in cells where biochemical processes of respiration and energy production occur |
| Chloroplast | Organelle in plant cells that converts light energy into sugars (glucose) |
| Catalyst | A substance that increases the rate of a chemical reaction without itself undergoing any permanent change |
| Anabolic Reaction | Metabolic pathway that constructs molecules from smaller units (build up) |
| Catabolic Reaction | Metabolic pathway that breaks down molecules into smaller units that are oxidized to release energy |
| Succinate | Substrate that is oxidized to form fumarate and FADH2 |
| Calvin cycle | Chemical reactions that convert CO2 and other components to glucose |
| Starch | Long chain of glucose molecules |
| Assay (noun) | A test to determine the components of a substance |
| Assay (verb) | The act of conducting an assay |
| Standard Curve | Graph of multiple substances with known properties to determine same properties in an unknown substance |
| Chromophore | Part of the molecule responsible for color. Color arises when a molecule absorbs certain wavelengths of visible light and reflects it |
| x-axis | Concentration of a substance on an unknown sample |
| y-axis | Assay measurement of the unknown substance |
| Error Bars | Graphical representation of the variability in data to indicate error/uncertainty in measurement |
| Homologous Chromosomes | Chromosomes that are similar but not identical. Carry same genes in same order but may have different alleles |
| Sister Chromatids | Identical copies formed by the replication of a single chromosome |
| Meiosis | Type of cell division that reduces number of chromosomes in half and forms 4 gametes |
| Allele | Variant form of a gene |
| Dominant Allele | An allele that produces the same phenotype whether it is paired with another identical allele or different |
| Recessive Allele | An allele that produces its phenotype when its paired up with an identical allele |
| Phenotype | Observable physical/biomechanical characteristics of an organism. Determined by genetics and environmental influence |
| Sex-Linked Trait | Traits that is associated with a gene that is only carried on the x or y chromosomes |
| Autosome | Any chromosome that is not a sex chromosome |
| Allosome | Chromosome that is different from ordinary autosomes (sex chromosome) |
| Sexual Dismorphism | Distinct difference in size/appearance between sexes. Includes sexual organs themselves |
| Y-Chromosome | Sex chromosome that results in the forming of testes and other male related traits |
| Wild Type | Phenotype of the typical form of a species as it occurs in nature |
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