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Flashcards by ashiana121, updated more than 1 year ago
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Created by ashiana121
over 8 years ago
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| Question | Answer |
| What is the definition of green crime? | Crime against the environment |
| What can much green crime be linked to? | Globalisation - the increasing interconnectedness of societies |
| The planet is a single __-______ | Eco-system |
| Threats to the eco-system are increasingly ______ rather than local in nature | Global |
| Give an example of this | Atmospheric pollution in one society can cause acid rain that falls on another society, damaging buildings and contaminating water supplies |
| Also, threats to the eco-system are now usually ___ ____ rather than natural | Man made |
| Who argues that in modern society we have adequate resources for all? | Ulrich Beck |
| He argues that the massive increase in technology and productivity has lead to new... | Manufactured risks - dangers that we have never faced before |
| Many of these risks involve harms to the environment and its consequences for humanity such as... | Global warming caused by greenhouse gas emissions from industry |
| Like climate change and global warming, many of these risks are global in nature. and so Beck describes modern society as... | "Global risk society" |
| There are two opposed opinions when discussing whether or not excessive pollution and other 'green crimes' are breaking the law. What are the names of these views? | Traditional criminology Green criminology |
| How do traditional criminologists define crime? | By criminal law - whether or not a law has been broken |
| How do traditional criminologists Situ and Emmons define environmental crime? | "an unauthorised act or omission that violates the law" |
| What is an advantages of this approach? | It has a clearly defined subject matter |
| How is the traditional criminology perspective of environmental crime criticised? | It is criticised of accepting official definitions or environmental problems and crimes, which are often shaped by big corporations with their own interests at heart |
| Green criminology takes a more _____ approach | Radical |
| Green criminology starts with the notion of _____ rather than criminal law | Harm |
| Green criminologists : the subject of green criminology is... | any action that harms the physical environment and/or the human and non-human animals within it, even if no laws have been broken |
| Why is the subject of green criminology much wider than that of traditional criminology? | Many of the worst environmental harms are not illegal |
| Furthermore,. different ________ have different ____ | Different countries have different laws |
| Why does this create a problem? | The same harmful action may be legal in one country but illegal in another |
| What can green criminologists achieve by moving away from the legal definition of environmental crime? | Green criminology can develop a global perspective on environmental crime |
| Which view is this approach similar to and how? | Marxists view of 'crimes of the powerful' The powerful create the laws to serve the interests of the powerful and undermine the interests of the working class |
| Who identifies two views of crime? | White |
| What are these two views? | Anthropocentric Ecocentric |
| What is meant by anthropocentric? | The view that humans have the right to dominate nature for their own needs Puts economic growth before the environment |
| Who, does White argue, adopts this view? | Major, transnational corporations, nation states |
| What is meant by the ecocentric view? | Humans and their environment are interdependent - environmental harm hurts humans also Both humans and environment liable to exploitation, particularly in global capitalism |
| Which view does green criminology take? | Ecocentric |
| Which green criminologist classifies green crimes into primary and secondary green crimes? | Nigel South |
| What is the definition of primary green crimes? | Crimes that result directly in the destruction and degradation of the earth's resources |
| What are the four main types of primary crime? | Air pollution Deforestation Species decline and animal rights Water pollution |
| How many tonnes of carbon are added to the atmosphere each year from burning fossil fuels? | 3 billion tonnes |
| Carbon emissions are growing at _% per year, adding to global warming and climate change | 2% |
| Who are the potential criminals of air pollution? | Governments Businesses Consumers |
| Between 1960 and 1990, how much of the worlds tropical rainforest was destroyed? | A fifth |
| Give an example for by what reason the rainforest was destroyed | Illegal logging |
| What has much rainforest in the Amazon been cleared for? | To rear beef cattle |
| Who are the potential criminals of deforestation crimes? | The state who profit from forest destruction (logging companies and cattle ranchers) |
| How many species a day are becoming extinct? | 50 |
| How much of the earths species live in rainforests? | 75-90% |
| Why is this a problem? | The rainforests are being destroyed |
| There is also ___________ of animals and animal parts | Trafficking |
| Also, old crimes such as ___ _____ are on the increase | Dog fights |
| How many people lack access to clean drinking water? | Half a billion |
| How many people die annually from drinking contaminated water? | 25 million |
| What is threatening the worlds ocean reefs and fish? | Marine pollution |
| Who are the potential criminals of water pollution crimes? | Businesses that dump toxic waste Governments that discharge untreated sewage into rivers and seas |
| What is the definition of secondary crimes? | Crimes that grow out of the flouting of the rules aimed at preventing or regulating environmental disasters |
| What are the two examples of secondary crimes? | State violence against oppositional groups Hazardous waste and organised crime |
| States condemn _________ but are prepared to resort to similar illegal methods themselves | terrorism |
| Give an example of when this has happened | 1985 French SS blew up Greenpeace ship which was there to prevent green crime (French nuclear missile testing) |
| Disposal of toxic waste from chemical, nuclear and other industries is highly _________ | Profitable |
| Why may businesses seek to dispose of toxic waste illegally? | Due to the high costs of safe and legal disposal methods |
| Where is much toxic waste illegally dumped? | The sea |
| Illegal waste dumping often has a __________ character | Globalised |
| In some cases, where do Western companies ship there waste to be processed and why? | Third world countries Lower costs and safety standards |
| What is estimated to be the difference in the cost of disposing of a tonne of toxic waste in the USA and in some Third World countries? | USA - $2500 a tonne Third World - $3 a tonne |
| What may some transnational pharmaceutical corporations do if there products have been banned in the West? | Offload them onto Third World markets |
| What does illegal waste disposal illustrate the problem of? | Law enforcement in a globalised world |
| The existence of laws to regulate waste disposal in developed countries does what? | Pushes up the costs to businesses Creates an incentive to dump illegally in Third World countries |
| Why may it not be illegal in some cases? | Less developed countries may lack the necessary legislation outlawing it |
| What do both the strengths and weaknesses of green criminology arise from? | Its focus on global environmental concerns |
| Green criminology recognises the growing importance of ____________ ______ and the need to address the harms and risks to both humans and non-humans | Environmental issues |
| What is a disadvantage of green criminology? | Broader concepts so it is hard to define boundaries Defining boundaries involves making moral/political statements about what is right/wrong This is a matter of values that cannot be established objectively |
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