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| Question | Answer |
| What is an addition reaction? | A reaction in which two molecules add together to form a single product. |
| What is a substitution reaction? | A reaction in which one atom or group is replaced by another atom or group. |
| What is an elimination reaction? | A reaction which produces an unsaturated product by loss of atoms or groups from adjacent carbon atoms. |
| What is hydrolysis? | A reaction in which a compound splits apart in a reaction involving water. |
| Describe homolytic bond breaking: | When a covalent bond breaks, one electron from the shared pair goes to each atom (homolytic fission). This creates free radicals. |
| What are free radicals? | Species with an unpaired electron. |
| Describe heterolytic bond breaking: | When a covalent bond breaks, both electrons from the shared pair goes to one atom (heterolytic fission). This produces ionic intermediates. |
| When is heterolytic bond breaking favoured? | In polar solvents, such as water. |
| What is a nucleophile? | A negative ion or molecule with a lone pair of electrons that attacks positive ions or positive centres in molecules. They donate pairs of electrons. |
| What is an electrophile? | A positive ion or molecule with an empty orbital that attacks negative ions or negative centres in molecules. They accept pairs of electrons. |
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