456133
Description
Flashcards by sabrinaparker905, updated more than 1 year ago
|
Created by sabrinaparker905
over 10 years ago
|
|
| Question | Answer |
| check 4.1 phases of the cell cycle | G1(presynthetic gap): cells create organelles for energy and protein production while also doubling in size S (synthesis): cell replicates its genetic material so that each daughter cell will have identical copies G2 (postsynthetic gap): quality control M (mitosis): mitosis and cytokinesis (splitting of cell into daughter cells) |
| Check 4.1 mechanism of chromosome movement | depends on specialized subcellular organelles known as centrioles, during prophase they move and form spindle fibers (microtubules), attachment points called asters are created |
| check 4.1 stages of mitosis | prophase: chromosomes condense; spindles form metaphase: chromosomes align anaphase: sister chromatids separate telophase: new nuclear membranes form |
| check 4.2 asexual reproduction: binary fission | circular chromosome attaches to the cell wall and replicates while the cell continues to grow in size; eventually plasma membrane and cell wall will begin to grow inward and it will split |
| check 4.2 asexual reproduction: budding | budding is equal replication followed by unequal cytokinesis; same DNA but unequal cytoplasm |
| check 4.2 asexual reproduction: parthenogenesis | adult organism develops from an unfertilized egg ex. social insects like bees and ants (males), terms of the # of chromosomes in each cell= haploid |
| check 4.2 evolution sexual vs. asexual reproduction | asexual is faster and requires less energy than sexual sexual allows for genetic diversity |
| check 4.3 stages of meiosis | prophase 1: chromatin condenses into chromosomes, nuclear membrane dissappears metaphase 1: homologous pairs align anaphase 1: pairs separate and pulled to opposite poles telophase 1: nuclear membrane forms around each nucleus prophase 2: centrioles migrate to opposite poles, spindle apparatus forms metaphase 2: chromosomes line up along plate, chromosomes into pairs of sister chromatids anaphase 2: sister chromatids are pulled to opposite poles telophase 2: nuclear membrane forms around each new haploid nucleus, cytokinesis follows |
| check 4.3 id structures male reproductive system: seminiferous tubules | sperm are made here and are nourished by Sertoli cells (part of testes) |
| check 4.3 id structures male reprod: interstitial cells (cells of Leydig) | secrete testosterone and male sex hormones (androgens) |
| check 4.3 id structures male reprodc: scrotum | location of the testes, 2 to 4 degrees C lower than the body |
| check 4.3 id structures male reprod: epidiymis | as sperm mature they pass here and gain motility in form of flagellum and then stored until ejaculation |
| check 4.3 id structures male reprod: ejaculatory duct and urethra | sperm travel through these and eventually exit |
| check 4.3 id structures male reprod: seminal fluid | made through a joint effort by seminal vesicles, prostate gland, and bulbourethral gland; seminal vesicles contribute fructose to nourish sperm |
| check 4.3 sperm fomation | spermatogonia (2n)--> primary spermatocytes (2n) then meiosis 1--> secondary spermatocytes (2n) then meiosis 2--> spermatids (n)--> spermatozoa |
| check 4.3 id structures female reprod: ovaries | female gonads that produce estrogen and progesterone |
| check 4.3 id structures female reprod: follicles | multilayered sacs that contain, nourish, and protect immature ova |
| check 4.3 id structures female reprod: fallopian tube/ oviduct | tube lined with cilia to usher egg along |
| check 4.3 id structure ovum formation | primary oocyte (2n) meiosis 1--> secondary oocyte (n) fertilization, meiosis 2 --> ovum (n) |
| ch. 4 post-test 2. Which of the following correctly pairs the stage of development of an egg cell with the different periods in its life cycle? a. birth to ovulation- prophase 2 b. ovulation- meiosis 1 c. ovulation- meiosis 2 d. fertilization- meiosis 1 | B. at ovulation- meiosis I |
| ch. 4 post-test 3. some studies suggest that in patients w/ Alzheimer's disease, there is a defect in the way the spindle apparatus attaches to the kinetochore fibers. At which stage of mitotic division would you expect to see this problem? | metaphase: homologous pairs align at the plate and each pair attaches to a separate spindle fiber by the kinetochore |
| ch. 4 post-test 4. if you wanted to incorporate a fluorescently labeled adenine into one of the 2 daughter cells that would arise as a result of mitosis, a which stage of cell development should you add in the nucleotide? | S phase |
| ch. 4 post-test 6. upon ovulation, the oocyte is released into the... | abdominal cavity |
| ch. 4 post-test 7. cancer cells are cells in which mitosis has gone wild. If a cure were found that could target only cancer cells without affecting normal cells, at which pt. in the cell cycle would the treatment effectively prevent cancer cell division? | during S stage, during prophase, and during metaphase |
| ch 4 post-test 10. Which of the following contributes to genetic variability? | random fertilization of a sperm and an egg; independent assortment of homologous chromosomes; crossing over tween homologous chromosomes during meiosis |
| ch. 4 post-test 12. the chromosome # of an offspring produced via parthenogenesis would be... | haploid |
| check 5.1 early embryonic development zygote-neurulation | 1. zygote-fertilization 2. first cleavage- embryo, but same size- cleavage at 32, 60 and 72 hours 3. morula 4. blastula 5. implanation 6. gastrulation- cell layers 7. neurulation from ectoderm a. notochord, neural folds and grooves, neural tube, neural crest cells |
| check 5.1 primary germ layers- ectoderm | ectoderm- integument ie epidermis, hair, nails, epithelium of nose, mouth, anal canal, lens of eye, nervous system |
| check 5.1 primary germ layer- mesoderm | mesoderm- musculosketal system, circulatory system, excretory system, gonads, muscular and connective tissue coats of digestive and respiratory systems (tween ecto and endo) |
| check 5.1 primary germ layer-endoderm | epithelial linings of digestive and respiratory tracts, parts of liver, pancreas, thyroid, bladder, and distal urinary and reproductive tracts |
| check 5.1 gene regulation/cell communication in the embryo | selective transcription of the genome; induction: ability of a certain group of cells to influence the fate of other nearby cells. chem. substances called inducers are passed from organizing cells to the responsive cells. guide of neuronal axon |
| check 5.2 terms: placenta | structure formed by the wall of the uterus and the chorion of the embryo, with a network of capillaries through which exchange tween maternal and fetal circulation occurs |
| check 5.2 terms: umbilical cord | provides attachment to chorion and nutrition for the fetus |
| check 5.2 terms: chorion | develops from trophoblast cells, and is an extra-embryonic membrane |
| check 5.2 terms: allantois | extra-embryonic membranes and is surrounded by amnion |
| check 5.2 terms: amnion | thin, tough membrane |
| check 5.2 terms: amniotic fluid | shock absorber during pregnancy and labor |
| check 5.2 terms: yolk sac | site of early blood vessel development |
| check 5.3 term: chorionic villi | grows into the placenta and support maternal-fetal gas exchange |
| check 5.2 terms: fetal hemoglobin (Hb-F) | in fetal blood cells, exhibits a greater affinity for oxygen than maternal/adult hemoglobin; oxygen diffuses from mother to fetus |
| check 5.3 fetal vs. adult circulation | 1. in fetus placenta carries out functions of lungs and liver; has to get O2 from diffusion through placental vessels 2. in adult blood is sent from heart to lungs for O2 3. fetus has shunts to reroute blood, so blood flows from right to left atrium, pressure in higher in right atrium which is opposite of adults |
| check 5.3 fetal shunt: foramen ovale | connects the right and left atria, so that blood entering the right atrium from superior vena cava will flow into the left atrium instead of right ventricle and cen be pumped out of the aorta into circulation; uses pressure differential |
| check 5.3 fetal shunts: ductus arteriosus | shunts leftover blood from the pulmonary artery to the aorta; pressure in the right fetal heart is higher than that in the left |
| check 5.4 milestones in the first trimester of pregnancy | 1. major organs develop 2. heart beats @ 22 days 3. Week 7 bones 4. at end of third month the fetus in 9 cm long |
| check 5.4 milestones of the second trimester in pregnancy | 1. lots of growth 2. starts to move 3. at the end, 30 to 36 cm long |
| check 5.4 milestones in the third trimester of pregnancy | 1. 9th month antibodies are transported by highly selective active transport from mom to fetus for protection against foreign matter in preparation for life outside the womb 2. growth rate slows and fetus is less active due to less space |
| check 5.5 vaginal birth basics | 1. rhythmic contractions of uterine smooth muscle made by prostaglandins and oxytocin 2. Steps: cervix thins, amniotic sac breaks, baby, then afterbirth (placenta and umbilical cord) |
| check 5.3 fetal shunts: ductus venosus | connects the umbilical vein to the inferior vena cava |
| Ch. 5 post-test 1. Which of the following developmental stages has the greatest nuclear to cytoplasmic material ratio? a, 8 cell zygote b. morula, c. blastula, d. archenteron | C. Blastula: during cleavage the # of cells increases a lot without increasing cytoplasm |
| Ch. 5 Post-test 3. Which of the following changes does NOT occur immediately after birth? a. infant produces adult hemoglobin b. resistance in pulmonary arteries decreases c. pressure in the left atrium increases d. pressure in both the inferior vena cava and the right atrium increases | D. pressure in both the inferior vena cava and the right atrium increases; when blood flow through the umbilical cord stops, the blood pressure in the inferior vena cava decreases, causing a decrease in the pressure in the right atrium |
| Ch 5 Post-test 5. From which of the following germ layers does the notochord form? a. ectoderm b. mesoderm c. endoderm d. archenteron | B. Mesoderm- a rod of mesodermal cells (notochord) develops along the longitudinal axis just under the dorsal layer of ectoderm |
| Ch. 5 Post-test 9. which of the following may be found in the mother's bloodstream? a. hCG b. fetal white blood cells c. CO2 made by fetal cells d. two of the above | D. two of the above: small molecules like ethanol, drugs, hormones can cross the placenta. mom may have detectable hCG in blood but not fetal white blood cells, CO2 from fetus would diffuse through placenta and be in maternal blood |
| Ch. 5 Post-test 11. Which of the following blood vessels do NOT contain deoxygenated blood? a. fetal umbilical artery b. adult pulmonary arteries c. fetal umbilial vein d. superior vena cava | C. fetal umbilical vein umbilical artery carries blood from infant's body to the placenta, blood is deoxygenated, and umbilical vein carries blood from placenta to the fetus and has O2 blood |
| check 6.1 importance of skeletal system | provides structural rigidity and physical protection |
| check 6.1 pros and cons: endoskeleton | pros: internal and don't need to shed cons: don't protect surfaces and organs as well |
| check 6.1 pros and cons: exoskeletons | pros: protect entire organism cons: have to shed it to grow |
| check 6.2 specialized functions of cartilage and how these functions relate to unique structural properties of cartilage | cartilage is softer and more flexible than bone, it is made of firm but elastic matrix called chondrin that is secreted by chondrocytes; in fetuses, nose, ears, joints, relatively avasculat and not innervated |
| Check 6.3 types of bone: compact bone and spongy bone | compact: strong and compact; in the middle part of bone, and outer parts of ends spongy/cancellous bone: has marrow, has trabeculae and looks like honeycomb at ends of bones |
| check 6.3 bones as calcium storage location | osteoblasts build bone, and osteoclasts resorb bone, during bone reformation Ca and phosphate are obtained from blood, during bone resorption (breakdown) these are released into bloodstream |
| check 6.3 bone remodeling | osteoclasts and osteoblasts; and is affected by exercise and use |
| check 6.4 how does a movable joint work | they work like door hinges and allow for bones to shift relative to one another; they are strengthened by ligaments , which connect bones to each other, has joint cavity |
| check 6.5 structural characteristics of skeletal muscle | striated, voluntary, somatic innervation, many nuclei per cell, Ca+ needed for contraction |
| check 6.5 red vs. white fibers | red- slow twitch have myoglobin content and get energy aerobically; mitochondria rich white- fast twitch are anaerobic and have much less myoglobin; mitochondria poor cause do not use ETC, easier to fatigue |
| check 6.6 general structure of a sacromere | basic unit of a muscle fiber; has thin (actin, troponin, and tropomyosin) and thick (bundles of myosin) filaments; z lines are the boundaries, m-line is down the center, I band is thin fi. only, H zone has thick fil.; A band is entire thick with overlap with thin filaments |
| Check 6.6 role of Ca in muscle contraction | ca binds to troponin causing tropomyosin to shift and expose the myosin-binding sites on actin |
| check 6.6 explain organization of contractile elements in muscle (actin, mysoin, cross bridges, sliding filament model) | Ca binds to troponin causing tropomyosin to shift and expose myosin binding sites whose globular heads bind to the exposed sites on actin forming cross bridges then allow myosin to pull on actin, which draws thin filaments to the center of H zone and shortens sacromere, ATPase activity in the myosin heads give energy for stroke and actin dissociates from myosin which resets itself |
| check 6.7 characteristics of smooth muscle and location | nonstriated, 1 nucleus per cell, involuntary/auto NS, smooth continuous contractions; Ca for contraction; found in digestive tract, bladder, uterus, blood vessel walls etc |
| check 6.8 characteristics of cardiac muscle | striated, 1-2 nuclei/cell, involuntary/autonomic nervous system, strong forceful contractions, Ca needed from contraction |
| check 6.9 purpose of creatine phosphate | high energy compound where energy can be derived, stored by transfering a phosphate from ATP to it, can be reversed during muscle use to get ATP, fast cause can skip TCA cycle |
| check 6.9 define the role of myoglobin in active muscle cells | binds oxygen and holds on it more than hemoglobin, can use myoglobins O reserves to keep aerobic metabolism going |
| check 6.9 hemoglobin vs. myoglobin | hemoglobin: multimeric, each O increases affinity for the molecule (cooperative); can bind up to 4 myoglobin: higher affinity for O, 1 O binds |
| check 6.10 connective tissue | made of sparsely scattered pop of cells in an amporphous ground substance |
| check 6.10 connective tissue: collagenous fibers | made of collagen and great tensile strength |
| check 6.10 connective tissue: elastic fibers | made of elastin and give resilience |
| check 6.10 connective tissue: reticular fibers | branched, tightly woven fibers that join connective tissue to adjoining tissue |
| check 6.10 loose connective tissue: major cell types | 1. fibroblasts: secrete substances that are made of extracellular fibers 2. macrophages: engulf bacteria and dead cells via phagocytosis |
| check 6.10 dense connective tissue | lots of collagenous fibers; lots of tensile strength, forms tendons (muscle to bone) and ligaments (bone to bone at joints) |
| check 6.10 connective tissue summary | Connective Tissue 3 fiber types: collagenous, elastic, reticular 2 type of tissue: 1. loose: fibroblasts, macrophages 2. dense- tendons, ligaments |
| check 6.11 muscle/bone interaction for movement | if muscle is attached to 2 bones, only 1 will move upon contraction; stationary bone is called the origin and limb muscles corresponds to proximal ends; end of muscle in bone that moves is the insertion abd corresponds to the distal end |
| check 6.11 antagonistic muscle pairs | one relaxes while the other contracts ie biceps and triceps, the contraction of the antagonistic muscle will lengthen the paired muscle |
| Ch. 6 Post test #2 Region 1 refers to the A band | The A band has thick and thin filaments overlapping one over the other; only part of sarcomere that doesn't change length during muscle contraction |
| Ch. 6 Post-test 5. which of the following cells is correctly coupled with its definition? | a. osteoblasts-bone cells involved in the secretion of bone matrix; osteoclasts are large, multinucleated cells- bone resorption; osteocytes-bone maintenance; chrondrocytes are cells that secrete chondrin an elastic matrix that makes up cartilage |
| Ch. 6 Post-test 7. Pair fiber with its definition | red fibers- slow twitching, high levels of myoglobin white fibers- fast twitching; low levels of myoglobin |
| Ch. 6 Post-Test 9. When a muscle fiber is subjected to very frequent stimuli | the contractions combine in a process known as summation |
| Ch 6 Post-Test 10. to facilitate the process of birth, the infant's head is somewhat flexible; given by 2 fontanelles, which are soft spots of connective tissue on the infant's skull. fontanelles will eventually ossify through... | b. intramembranous ossification |
| Ch. 6 Post-Test 12. Which type of muscle is always multinucleated? | B. skeletal muscle only |
| Ch. 6 Post-Test 14. Red bone marrow is involved in erythrocyte function, whereas yellow bone marrow.. | d. has adipose tissue |
Want to create your own Flashcards for free with GoConqr? Learn more.