4566726
Description
Flashcards by Jess Molyneux, updated more than 1 year ago
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Created by Jess Molyneux
about 8 years ago
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| Question | Answer |
| To what extent can earthquakes be predicted? | Scientists can predict where an earthquake is likely, within roughly a 30 year time span |
| List 8 methods or equipment which can help to predict an earthquake. | Radon gas sensors Satellite surveying / remote sensing Laser reflector Levelling Seismometer Gravity meter - Magnetometer - Electrical resistivity meter Strain meter Water table level |
| What role does a radon gas sensor play? | Measures increases in radon - an inert gas which is released from rocks (e.g. granite and limestone) at a faster rate when fractured |
| What role do satellite surveying and remote sensing play? (Bonus: how accurate are they? how is the information received?) | Surveying plate movement and minute surface changes Accuracy down to a few cm Data from satellites to Earth - processed by computers |
| What role do laser reflectors and levelling play? | Allow a person to survey movement across a fault line |
| What role does a seismometer play? (Bonus: how does this contribute to the bigger picture?) | Receives and records shockwaves from epicentre Feeds data to central computer Analysis of patterns with data on past earthquakes |
| What role do gravity meters, magnetometers and electrical resistivity meters play? | Measure changes in gravity and magnetic / electrical properties of rocks which all change as stress builds up |
| What role does a strain meter play? (Bonus: why may this be useful in LEDCs?) | Recorded stretching and compressing of Earth's crust Low-tech substitutes can be made |
| What role does a water table level play? | Measures changes in the level of water in wells (which rises and falls as stress builds) |
| What other atmospheric information may be useful in predicting earthquakes? (Hint: visible light, infra-red) (Bonus: give an example) | Low frequency electromagnetic activity Changes in the ionospheric electron density and temperature September 2004: South Japan earthquake |
| Give ways in which Japanese local authorities attempt to lessen the impact of an earthquake relating to buildings. (Hint: there are 5) | Earthquake resistance standards for new buildings Single-storey buildings Soft-storey bases (cushioning effect) June 2007: Law with safety regulations Fire resistant buildings |
| Give other ways in which Japanese local authorities attempt to lessen the impact of an earthquake. | Raise public awareness about disaster prevention Improve earthquake prediction Advanced fire fighting facilities Areas of Specified Observation designated (e.g. Kobe) |
| Give an example of the fatal effects of non-earthquake proof structures. | Cypress viaduct Oakland, San Francisco Loma Prieta earthquake 40 people killed |
| What solution may be put in place to make existing structures (e.g. freeways) more earthquake proof? | 'Retro-fitting' Cross bracing - metal crosses support structure Jackets - around concrete pillars |
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