571371
Description
Flashcards by angeline martin, updated more than 1 year ago
|
Created by angeline martin
about 10 years ago
|
|
| Question | Answer |
| Bilirubin | Yellow, orange colored bile |
| Bolus | Mass of chewed food |
| Exocrine | Secrete outside through ducts |
| Sphincter | Circular band of muscle fibers |
| Triglycerides | made of one glycerol and three fatty acids |
| Papilla | "Nipple of Tissue" |
| Peritoneum | double layer membrane that lines the abdominal pelvic region covers most of the organs within the cavity |
| Flatulence | same as flatus |
| defecation | Elimination of feces from the digestive tract thru the rectum and anus |
| Deglutition | Act of swallowing |
| cyst | closed sac or pouch that contains fluid |
| Digestive Juices | Secretions that break down food - saliva, pancreatic juice, bile and intestinal juice |
| or/o stomat/o -stoma | mouth |
| gloss/o lingu/o | tongue |
| bucco/o | cheek |
| cheil/o labi/o | lip |
| dent/o odont/o | teeth |
| gingiv/o | gums |
| sial/o saliv/o | saliva, salivary gland |
| esophag/o | esophagus |
| pharyng/o | pharynx (throat) |
| lapar/o | abdomen |
| phag/o | eat, swallow |
| Peps/o | digestion |
| gastr/o | stomach |
| pylor/o | pylorus - lower part of the stomach |
| duodenum | first part of the small intestines |
| enter/o | intestine (usually small intestines) |
| jejun/o | jejunum - second part of the small intestines |
| ile/o | ileum (thin part of the small intestines) |
| append/o appendic/o | appendix- attached to the large intestines and it is a worm -like shape |
| col/o col/I colon/o | colon |
| sigmoid/o | S shaped colon |
| rect/o | rectum |
| procto/o | anus, rectum |
| an/o | anus opening |
| hepat/o | liver |
| pancreat/o | pancreas |
| cholangi/o | bile, vessel |
| chol/o | bile, gall |
| cholecyst/o | gall bladder |
| choledoch/o | bile duct |
| -emesis | vomit |
| -ptosis | drooping downward, displacement |
| -oid | looks like, resembles steroids |
| cyst/o | fluid filled sac |
| bil/o | bile |
| -iasis | abnormal condition (produced by something specified) |
| -megaly | enlargement |
| -orexia | appetite |
| -pepsia | digestion |
| -phagia | swallowing, eating |
| -prandial | meal |
| -rrhea | discharge, flow |
| dia- | through, accross |
| peri- | around |
| sub- | under, below |
| anorexia | without appetite |
| appendicitis | Inflammation of the appendix |
| ascites | abnormal accumulation of fluid in the abdominal cavity |
| borborygmus | rumbling or gurgling noise in the intestines |
| cholelithiasis | presence or formation of gall stones in the gallbladder or common bile duct |
| cirrhosis | scaring and dysfunction of the liver caused by chronic liver disease |
| colic | spasm in any hollow organ, especially the colon- accompanied by pain |
| Crohn's disease | inflammatory bowel disease (IBD), usually of the ileum affecting any portion of the intestinal tract, also called regional enteritits |
| dysentary | Inflammation of the intestines, especially the colon, may be caused by contaminated food or water containing chemical irritants, bacteria protozoa or parasites and results in bloody diarrhea |
| dysphagia | bad, difficult, painful swallowing |
| eructation | belching- producing gas from the stomach |
| fecalith | Fecal concentration (hardened like a stone) |
| flatus | Gas in the GI tract |
| gastroesophageal reflux disease (GERD) | Backflow of stomach contents into the esophagus due to malfunction of the sphincter muscle |
| halitosis | bad breath |
| hematemesis | vomiting blood |
| Irritable bowel syndrome (IBS) | Spastic colon |
| malabsorption syndrome | poor absorption of the small intestines- impaired passage of nutrients, minerals, or fluids through intestinal villi into the blood or lymph |
| melena | black |
| obesity | excessive accumulation of fat over 20% of a persons ideal body weight |
| Morbid obesity | 100 pounds or more over a persons ideal body weight |
| obstipation | severe constipation |
| oral leukoplakia | white oral plaque in mouth- white patches |
| peristalis | progressive wavelike movement that occurs involuntary in hollow tubes. especially the GI tract |
| pyloric stenosis | narrowing or stricture of the sphincter (circular muscle of the pylourus)causing an obstruction that blocks the flow of food into the small intines |
| regurgitation | backward flow of material |
| steatorrhea | discharge or flow of fat - passage of fat in the feces due to failure to digest and absorb it |
| Endoscopy | internal examination using and endoscope |
| nasogastric intubation | insert a tube through the nose into the stomach to relieve gastric distention by removing gas, food, or gastric secretions; instill medication, food or fluids or obtain a specimen for laboratory analysis |
| anastomosis | surgical joining of two ducts, vessels or bowel segments to allow flow from one to another |
| anastomosis - ileorectal | surgical connection of the ileum and rectum after total colectomy, as is sometimes performed in the treatment of ulcerative colitis |
| anastomosis - Intestinal | surgical connection of two portions of the intestines; also called enteroenterrostomy |
| bariatric surgery | procedures that treat morbid obesity |
| Vertical banded gastroplasty | vertical stapling of the upper stomach near the esophagus to reduce it to a small pouch and insertion of a band that restricts food consumption and delays the passage from the pouch, causing a feeling of fullness |
| Roux-en-Y gastric bypass (RGB) | stapling the stomach to decrease its size then shortening the jejunum and connecting it to he small stomach pouch. causing the base of the duodenum leading from the nonfunctional portion of the stomach to form a Y configuration, which decreases the pathway of food through the intestine, thus reducing absorption of calories and fats |
| lithotripsy | crushing stone |
| polypectomy | excise or removal of small growth |
| pyloromyotomy | incisions of the longitudinal and circular muscles of the pylorus, which is used to treat hypertrophic pyloric stenosis |
| Gastrointestional endoscopy | visual examination of the gastrointestinal tract using a flexible fiberoptic instrument with a magnifying lens and light source (endoscope) |
| lower gastrointestinal | radiographic images of the rectum and colon following administration of barium into the rectum also called lower GI series or barium enema |
| Hepatitis panel | test to identifies the specific virus hepatitis A (HAV) or hepatitis V (HBV) or hepatitis C (HCV)- that causing hepatitis by testing serum using antibodies to each of these antigens |
| Liver Function Test | Blood test to evaluate liver function |
| Serum Bilirubin | Measurement of bilirubin in the blood |
| Stool Culture | test to identify microorganisms or parasites present in feces |
| Stool guaiac | stool sample to detect the presence of occult (hidden) blood in feces; also called Hemoccult |
| Computed Tomography (CT) Scan | Rotating X-ray to view organ or structure in slices or cross sections |
| ERCP - (Endoscopic Retrograde Cholangiopan- creatography) | a procedure that combines upper gastrointestinal (GI) endoscopy and x rays to treat problems of the bile and pancreatic ducts. ERCP is also used to diagnose problems, |
| Liver Biopsy | Excise or cut out a sample of the liver |
| cholecystography (with contrast by mouth) | Radiogrphic images taken of the gallbladder after administration by mouth of iodine contrast |
| MRCP = magnetic resonance cholangio- pancreatography | process of recording pancreas, bile and vessel - MRI is used to visualize the biliary and pancreatic ducts and gall bladder in the noninvasive manner |
| sialography | radiologic examination of the salivary glands and ducts |
| ultrasonography (US) | high frequency sound waves directed at soft tissue and reflected as "echos" to produce an image |
| Utrasonography (abdominal) | ultrasound to visualize the abdominal aorta, liver, gallbladder, bile ducts, pancreas, kidneys, ureters and bladder |
| Ultrasonography (endoscopic) | combines ultrasound and endoscopy to examine and obtain images of the digestive tract and the surrounding tissue and organs |
| Upper Gastrointestinal series (UGIS) | radiographic images of the esophagus, stomach, and small intestine following oral administration of barium ; also called barium swallow |
| PTCT= percutaneous transhepatic cholangiography | X ray test through skin and liver, ingest contrast to evaluate stuctures |
| Antacids | counteracts or neutralize acidity, usually in the stomach (used for heartburn or acid reflux) |
| Antidiarrheals | Controls loose stools and relieve diarrhea by absorbing excess water in the bowel or slowing peristalsis in the intestinal tract |
| antispasmodics | decrease gastrointestinal spasms |
| laxatives | treat constipation by increasing peristaltic activity in the large intestine or increasing water and electrolyte secretion into the bowel to induce defecation |
| BM | bowel movement |
| EGD | esophago-gastro- duodenoscopy |
| GERD | gastroesphageal reflux |
| GI | gastrointestinal |
| HAV | Hepatitis A virus |
| HBV | hepatitis B virus |
| HCV | hepatitis C virus |
| IBS | Irritable bowel syndrome |
| LFT | Liver Function Test |
| PUD | peptic ulcer disease |
| R/O | rule out |
| HCL | Hydrochloric acid |
| HCO3 | Bicarbonite ion base |
| Gastrointestinal System Functions (4) | 1.Provides essential, water, minerals 2. digestive enzymes to break down food 3.food absorption 4. Eliminates waste |
| GI Tract (alimentary canal) | Digestive tube |
| Accessory Organs (3) | Liver, gall bladder, and pancreas |
| Digestion Pathway | Mouth-pharynx (throat)- esophagus - stomach - small intestines - large intestines - rectum - anus |
| Digestive Food Breakdown Process | Chewing into small pieces- mixes with enzymes- broken into nutrient - nutrients, minerals absorbed in the blood stream |
| Enzyme | A protein that is a chemical reaction to break down food |
| Digestion occurs in 2 processes | 1. Mechanical - chewing breaking down to small parts 2. Chemical digestion - digestive enzymes |
| Upper GI Tract (location beginning to end) | Mouth to end of stomach |
| Lower GI Tract (location beginning to end) | Duodenum to anus |
| Salivary glands 3 pairs | 1. Parotid 2. Sublingual 3. Submandibular |
| Teeth (structures) (4) | 1. Enamel 2. Dentin- main structure, bone like substance 3. Pulp -inner most part contains nerves and blood vessels 4. Gingival - gums |
| Tongue (function) | 1. Mechanical-swallowing, speech, and taste.Taste receptors are in rough projections called papillae; sweet, sour, salty and bitter |
| Hard and soft palate | Roof of mouth 1.Anterior = hard palate 2. Posterior = soft palate |
| Upper gastrointestinal Tract Comprised of: | 1.mouth - 2. Pharynx - 3.esophagus 4.stomach |
| Lower Gastrointestinal Tract Comprised of: | 1.small intestines - 2.large intestines -3. accessory organs (liver, pancreas, gallbladder) |
| Pharynx divides into 2 main parts: | 1. Esophagus - (swallowing tubes)- leads to stomach 2. Trachea (windpipe) leads to lungs |
| Epiglottis (location and function) | Small flap of cartilage covers trachea during swallowing so food does not backflow |
| Lower esophageal sphincter (location and function) | Located- junction of the esophagus and stomach - it is a circular muscle- prevents backflow |
| Stomach (structure and function) | Sac like structure LUQ (food reservoir); mechanical and chemical digestion occurs here |
| Stomach 3 parts | 1. Fundus is the upper portion 2. Body is central portion 3. Pylorus bottom portion funnel shaped; main stomach area for chemical digestion |
| Interior of stomach (structure and function) | Lined with mucus membrane (mucosa); has longitudinal folds called rugae- contains the digestive glands that produce HCL (hydrochloric acid and Pepin) |
| Lower Gastrointestinal Tract Structure | 1. Small intestines - 2. Large intestines - 3. Accessory organs of digestion location in the RUQ beneath the diaphragm - liver, gall bladder, pancreas |
| Small intestines Size | 1. Coiled 20" 2.most absorption |
| Small intestines- duodenum (size & function) | Uppermost section- 10" long -C shaped - ducts from liver, gallbladder, and pancreas all unite her - to secrete their digestive juices to help and digestion |
| Small intestines - Jejunum (size & function) | 8' long; second part of small intestine- most nutrient absorption occurs here |
| ileum (size and function) | 12' long - the last part of the small intestines - contains a valve to prevent backflow |
| Lower Gastrointestinal tract - Villi (structure and function) | Microscopic fingerlike projections in small intestine inner lining- release digestive enzymes - absorb nutrients in chime - then nutrients enter the blood stream and lymphatics |
| Lower gastrointestinal tract -Ileocceal Valve | A sphincter muscle joins the ileum to the large intestines (cecum) |
| Lower gastrointestinal tract -Large Intestines | 5' long, starts at the ileum and ends at the anus; no digestion here - absorbs water & minerals - secretes mucus- eliminates undigested materials - bacterial action here helps form vitamin K from green veggies |
| Lower gastrointestinal tract -Large Intestines 4 regions | 1. Cecum - 2. Colon 3. Rectum 4. Anus |
| Lower gastrointestinal -Vital Functions of the Liver | 1. produce bile 2. Regulate blood levels 3. Stores vitamins B12,A,D,E, K, 4. Detoxify 5. Destroy RBC and releases bilirubin 6. Production of blood protein |
| Lower gastrointestinal tract- pancreas (structure and function) | Elongated flattened organ shaped like a comma - c shaped near duodenum- has both endocrine and exocrine function |
| Lower intestinal tract Pancreatic proteases (function) | Helps break down protein called trypsin |
| Lower intestinal tract Pancreatic Amylase (function) | Helps break down carbs |
| Lower ingestion tract Pancreatic lipase (function) | Helps break down fat |
| Lower Intestinal tract Pancreas - bicarbonate ions (function) | Base that neutralizes stomach acid |
| Lower intestinal tract gallbladder | A sac like structure on the liver- storage for bile - release bile through duct into the duodenum; bile is important for fat digestion |
| Flow of bile | Bile leaves liver thru hepatic ducts -- fuse hepatic duct with cystic duct - to form the common bile duct |
| Ulcer | open sore in the mucous membrane |
| Peptic Ulcer | Most common type of ulcer in the GI tract |
| Ulcerative Colitis (IBD) | Chronic inflammatory bowel disease of large intestine and return-lesions on lining continuous (no skipping) |
| Hemroids | -enlarged veins in the mucous membranes of the anal canal |
| Hernia | protrusion of any organ tissue or structure through the wall of cavity in which it is naturally contained |
| Hernia A. Diaphragmatic hernia B. Hiatal hernia | A. Diaphragmatic hernia = congenital disorder; baby born with intestine in thorax B. Hiatal Hernia - lower part of the esophagus and top of stomach slide through an opening in diaphragm into thorax. |
| Umbilical hernia | production of part of intestine at navel; usually small intestine |
| Inguinal (groin area) Hernia | develops in the groin; loop of small bowels protrudes through inguinal (groin) canal |
| Strangulated Hernia | Blood supply to the hernia is cut off and gangrene (necrosis) develops. Usually occurs in either inguinal or umbilical hernia |
| Intestinal obstruction Mechanical Functional | A. Mechanical obstruction- something obstructs or clogs passage of substances through bowel - B. no smooth muscle activity because of muscle or nerve problem |
| Hepatitis A | Infectious hepatitis-fecal oral transmission usually by contaminated food, water, milk- common in underdeveloped countries at risk |
| Hepatitis B | Serum hepatitis; parenteral (bodily fluids) transmission- contact with infected blood and sexual contact (health care workers, sexually active at risk) |
| Hepatitis C | Chronic disease caused by transmission by blood transfusion, IV drug use |
| Diverticular disease of the colon: (diverticula, diverticulosis, diverticulitis | A.diverticula-small blister pockets which in the colon lining B. Diverticulosis - having diverticula- caused by low fiber diet C. Diverticulitis caused by obstruction of the opening to the diverticula by stool |
Want to create your own Flashcards for free with GoConqr? Learn more.