688399
Description
Flashcards by Anna Hollywood, updated more than 1 year ago
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Created by Anna Hollywood
about 10 years ago
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| Question | Answer |
| Between what depths is the inner core? | 5270-6370km |
| Between what depths is the outer core? | 2900-5270km |
| Between what depths is the lower mantle? | 700-2900km |
| Between what depths is the upper mantle? | 35-700km |
| What is density of the outer core? | 9.9-12.2 (g/cm3) |
| What is state of the outer core? | Liquid |
| What is composition of the outer core? | Iron and nickel |
| What is temperature of the outer core? | 4000-5000 'C |
| What is density of the lower mantle? | 4.4-5.6 (g/cm3) |
| What is state of the lower mantle? | Solid |
| What is composition of the lower mantle? | Peridotite |
| What is temperature of the lower mantle? | 1600-4000 'C |
| What is density of the asthenosphere? | 3.4-4.4 (g/cm3) |
| What is state of the asthenosphere? | Partially molten |
| What is composition of the asthenosphere? | Peridotite |
| What is the temperature of the asthenosphere? | 900-1600 'C |
| What is the thickness of the oceanic crust? | 6-8km |
| What is the density of the oceanic crust? | 3.3 (g/cm3) |
| What is the state of the oceanic crust? | Solid |
| What is the composition of the oceanic crust? | Basalt |
| What is the temperature of the oceanic crust? | Air temp-900 'C |
| What is the thickness of the continental crust? | 30-50km |
| What is the density of the continental crust? | 2.7 (g/cm3) |
| What is the state of the continental crust? | Solid |
| What is the composition of the continental crust? | Granite |
| What is the temperature of the continental crust? | Air temp-900 'C |
| What is it called is a conservative margin? | Where the plates rub together, they finally overcome the friction and there is a sudden energy surge, causing an earthquake (often around 8.5) |
| Example of somewhere on a conservative margin | The pacific and north American plate |
| What is a constructive margin? | Where the plates move apart and magma rises in the gap, cools and solidifies. This creates a volcano (around 5-6) |
| Example of somewhere on a constructive margin | The Eurasian and North American oceanic plates pulling apart (erupt basalt lava at 1200'C) |
| What is a destructive margin? | The heavier (oceanic) plate slides under the lighter (continental) plate, partially melting. This is subduction. Earthquake and volcano is formed (9.5) (erupting andesite lava at 900-1000 'C) |
| Example of somewhere on a destructive plate margin | Nazca and South American plate |
| What type of volcano is rated 1-3 on the Volcanic Explosivity Index? | A (gentle) strombolian |
| What type of volcano is rated 3-5 on the Volcanic Explosivity Index? | An (explosive) vulcanian |
| What type of volcano is rated 4-7 on the Volcanic Explosivity Index? | A (cataclysmic) plinian |
| Active | These have erupted in recorded history |
| Dormant | Not erupted in recorded history, but show clear evidence of the capacity to do so again |
| Extinct | Not erupted in recorded history, don't show clear evidence of the capacity to do so again |
| Primary effects = | Initial impact of hazard (death, buildings collapsing) |
| Secondary effects = | Knock on effects of hazard (homelessness) |
| Focus = | Place in the Earth's crust where the earthquake happens |
| Epicentre = | Point on the Earth's surface directly above where the earthquake hits |
| Population density = | Number of people living in an area |
| How can we use seismicity to predict a tectonic hazard? | Seismometers measure the movement of the ground to see if there are small foreshocks just before an earthquake |
| How can we use geographical measurements to predict a tectonic hazard? | Graphing the magnitude of earthquakes in specific places from the past to see if there's a pattern |
| What is the gap between earthquakes of a similar magnitude called? | Recurrence intervals |
| How can we use gas to predict a tectonic hazard? | Monitoring to see if radon gas and sulphur dioxide are escaping from the fault |
| How can we use hydrology to predict a tectonic hazard? | Checking if water levels in wells are falling-could be going into small tension cracks just before earthquake |
| How can we use ground deformation to predict a tectonic hazard? | Putting laser beams across the fault, so that they can see any initial small movements |
| What causes tsunamis? | Tsunamis are usually caused by ocean floor earthquakes or underwater volcanic eruptions |
| Tsunamis in ......... oceans are long but low | Deep |
| Tsunamis approaching the .......... are short but high | Shore |
| How big are tsunamis? | 25+m |
| How long are tsunamis? | 100-1000km |
| How fast are tsunamis? | 640-960km/h |
| How long is the time between each wave? | 10 - 60 minutes |
| Describe a shield volcano (4 points) | -Low, quite flat, gently sloping sides -Thin, runny lava - runs forming shape - Frequent (gentle) explosions -On constructive boundary |
| Example of a shield volcano | Mauna Loa, Hawaii |
| Describe a composite volcano (4 points) | -Steep sided, alternate layers of ash and lava - Thick, slow lava - Pressure builds up, very explosive (sometimes pyroclastic flow-ash, rock, dust) - On destructive boundary |
| Example of composite volcano | Mount Fiji, Japan |
| 6 features of hazard-resistant design in an MEDC | - Damper in roof (like pendulum) reduces sway - Cross bracing stops floor collapsing -Shock absorbers in cross braces -Strong, flexible steel frame -Strong double-glazing (reduce shattering risks) -Very deep foundations (prevent collapse) |
| 5 features of hazard-resistant design in an LEDC | - Cross braced wood - Concrete rings ties walls to foundations - Simple steel rod foundations - Walls made of mud & straw packed between wooden slats -Lightweight thatch roof |
| Example of where the design is used in an MEDC | Japan - Gas supplies automatically shut off to prevent fires |
| Example of where the design is used in an LEDC | China - Sickllan earthquake caused over 700 schools to collapse, design now used in schools |
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