Flashcards
7.) Morphology continued
Cards in this deck (42)
- 1stem=base=the element to which a bound morpheme is attached
English stems can often also stand alone - 2Revision: What is morphology?The study of the shape and internal structure of words.
- 3Inflection in English-Old English (until 1100): nouns, verbs, adjectives, articles, pronouns were inflected
-English today: only a limited number of grammatical relations are expressed by inflection
--> loss of inflectional morphology of 100 years ago
--> fixation of word order, prepositions
analytic ‘drift’ in the history of English - 4all that's left of inflection in English
- 5inflection vs. derivation overview
- 6definition inflectionIf grammatical information and categories are expressed by affixes, this is called inflection.
- 7definition derivationIf new lexemes are created by adding an affix to a lexical base, this is called derivation.
- 8Inflection characteristics• NEVER changes the word class (nouns stay as nouns, verbs stay as verbs, etc)
• Stable form-meaning relationship
• Suffixes attach to all possible bases
• Inflection can only be suffixes in English (or word-internal changes) - 9Inflection (English has become more analytic than in 1100)• Analytic: Uses auxiliary verbs and prepositions to complete the meaning
• Synthetic: The meaning is contained within the word itself
• Compare: we did vs. we have done - 10Derivation characteristics• CAN change the word class (but doesn’t have to)
• Variable form-meaning relationship
• Affixes attach to a subset of possible bases
• Inflection can take the form of prefixes and suffixes in English - 11Allomorphy definitiona type of bound morpheme that cannot be assigned a meaning nor a grammatical function, but nonetheless serves to distinguish one word from the other
- 12Allomorphy what? similar to anything?• Similar system to the phoneme-allophone relationship
• Phonemes (abstract category) are realized by phones (actual sounds)
• All the different phones that correspond to a phoneme are called allophones
of that phoneme
• Same principle here! - 13Allomorphy plural examples
- 14Allomorphy plural
- 15Allomorphs Allophones comparison
- 16Definitions in more detail 1.) morphs 2.) allomorphsMorph: A meaningful and/or functionally relevant element of an utterance
e.g. [z] in cats [kætz]
Allomorphs: Morphs which have been classified as representations
of a specific morpheme.
e.g. [z], [s], [ɪz], [ɹən] etc for {plural} - 17Allomorphy indefinite articleə: a dog, a lake
ən: an arm, an egg
ei: 'a' cup not 'the' cup
- 18Allomorphy conditioning What types of conditioning are there? (i.e. what determines which allomorph we produce?)• Phonological conditioning – dependent on the neighbouring sounds
• Lexical conditioning – dependent on the word itself as a whole
• Morphological conditioning – dependent on the attached morphemes - 19phonological conditioning
- 20lexical conditioning
- 21morphological conditioning
- 224 word formation processes• Compounding
• Affixation
• Conversion
• Shortenings - 23Compounding what? examples!Putting lexemes (i.e. content words, free morphemes) together to create something new:
• Geography teacher
• Playground
• High-tech - 24Compounding Where do we put the stress in a compound phrase?A: On the first part (i.e. the left-hand member)
• English teacher --> a teacher of English (could be from Germany)
• English teacher --> a teacher who happens to be English
(could be a history teacher) - 25Compound types (most productive <-> least productive)
- 26Compounds Complexitiy and ConstituencyWe can have compounds that consist of more than two parts, for instance:
• Nursery school teacher
• Wildlife sanctuary
• Fast food restaurant - 27Compound Complexitiy and Constituency How do we know which words are added in which order?
- 28same with ''fast food restaurant''
- 29Compounds Complexity and Constituency What part contributes the main meaning?
- 30Compounds Complexity and Constituency Where do we add inflections?
- 31Compounds Complexity and constituency What can we say about the right hand element in a compound phrase general? (3)• It carries the core meaning
• It determines the word-class
• It carries the inflection - 32AffixationIn English, we have two types of affix: prefixes and suffixes
Since we’re talking about word-formation here, we speak of derivational affixes (bound lexical morphemes).
(prefix) + base + (suffix)
eg. pre- warn
mal- function
own - er
beauti - ful
un - happi - ness - 33Affixation and changing of word class: Prefixes? Suffixes?Prefixes: Rarely change the word-class (write – rewrite)
Suffixes:
• Often change the word-class (beauty – beautiful)
• Create derivatives of a certain word-class (i.e. –ful creates adjectives, -ify creates verbs)
• Attach to bases of a certain word-class (i.e. –ful can attach to nouns, but not verbs) - 34Suffixes that create derivatives of a certain word-class (are attached ti bases of certain word-class)
- 35One suffix can create different meanings, for instance: (agent nouns, instrumental nouns)Suffix: -er
Teacher, painter, leader, writer:
people that do things (agent nouns)
Mixer, slicer, toaster:
things that are used to do things (instrumental nouns) - 36Conversion what?• Creation of a new word, belonging to a new word-class, without any overt marking.
• Also called zero-derivation.
• Same form – different word-classes / meanings
eg.
I read a lot of books. --> This book is a good read.
This glass is empty. --> I'll just empty this class.
This plant needs water. --> You should water the plant. - 37Shortenings What? 4 types• Linguistic material is deleted as opposed to added
• There is no change in word-class or meaning (exception: back-formation)
4 types:
• Clippings
• Blends
• Abbreviations
• Back-formation - 38ClippingsWords are ‘chopped down’:
• Elizabeth -> Liz
• Patrick -> Pat
• Examination -> Exam
• University -> Uni
NO CHANGE IN MEANING - 39BlendsParts of two words are fused to make one: • Motorway + hotel = Motel
• Breakfast + lunch = Brunch
• Situation + comedy = Sitcom
• Helicopter + airport = Heliport - 40Abbreviations• Some abbreviations make it into the general vocabulary
• They are then spelt as regular words:
• Laser (from: light amplification by stimulated emission of radiation)
• Radar (from: radio detection and ranging)
• Asap (from: as soon as possible)
• Scuba (from: self-contained underwater breathing apparatus) - 41Back-formationWords seem to have a suffix, when in fact this was never a suffix to begin with. This element is then taken away.
This changes the word-class
Examples:
Editor -> Edit
Babysitter -> Babysit
Intuition -> Intuit
Sleepwalking -> Sleepwalk - 42Word formation productivity
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- Linguistics (Morphology) Flashcards on 7.) Morphology continued, created by Lisza Neumeier on 12/11/2016.
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