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Description
Flashcards by Lisza Neumeier, updated more than 1 year ago
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Created by Lisza Neumeier
over 7 years ago
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| Question | Answer |
| Syntactic function vs. form What is the difference between syntactic function and syntactic form? defined by? | |
| syntactic function vs. form For example: The woman ate the apple. | |
| What syntactic functions are there? | • Subject • Predicate • Verb / Predicator • Complement • Adjunct |
| Syntactic functions: Subject Formal properties? Word order? | Some formal properties: • Agreement (i.e. She likes grammar vs. She *like grammar) • Case (i.e. She likes grammar vs. *Her likes grammar) Word order (for English): The subject precedes the verb (i.e. She likes grammar vs. *Grammar likes she) |
| Syntactic functions Predicate Verb (Predicator) | • The verb phrase (including the verb) • In a standard main clause, it is everything after the subject • E.g. The child [wanted the delicious ice-cream.] VERB (PREDICATOR) • The verb itself that introduces the predicate • E.g. The child wanted the delicious ice-cream. |
| Syntactic functions Complement What is it? Different types? | An obligatory non-subject constituent. (= cannot be left out without messing up syntax) Different types: • Direct object • Indirect object • Prepositional object • Subject complement • Object complement |
| Syntactic functions: complement direct vs. indirect object What? (synonym?) Where in the phrase? example | |
| Syntactic functions: complement Prepositional complement where in the phrase? rememeber! | |
| Syntactic functions: complement Subject complement Object complement where in phrase? | |
| Syntactic functions: complement some complement tips | Be careful not to confuse subject and object complements! • If there is NO DIRECT OBJECT and the SUBJECT is being described --> SUBJECT COMPLEMENT • If there is a DIRECT OBJECT and this OBJECT is being described --> OBJECT COMPLEMENT |
| Syntactic functions: Adjunct 2 characteristics What are they? What do they do? 2 types | |
| Syntactic functions: Adjunct What’s the difference between the two ''last week''s. 1) The concert was last week. 2) I went to the concert last week. | In sentence 1) --> Obligatory! (cannot say *”The concert was.”) --> Complement! In sentence 2)--> Not obligatory! (can say “I went to the concert.”) --> Adjunct! |
| Different syntactic functions can take on different forms: eg. Subject | • As a noun phrase: The bird flew up high. • As a clause: Sleeping through my exam was not a good idea. • As a prepositional phrase: From my flat to uni is a long journey. •... |
| Different syntactic functions can take on different forms: eg. Adjunct | • As an adverbial phrase: She was playing the trumpet very loudly. • As a prepositional phrase: I did my homework in the living room. • As a noun phrase: He went to see his friends last night. • As a clause: I enjoy fishing whenever I get the time. •... |
| When we talk about complementation patterns we are talking about .. ? | .. the type of sentence in terms of the complements that occur. For instance: The verb ‘put’ requires a direct object and a prepositional object. • He put the book on the table. • *He put on the table. • *He put the book. |
| Complementation patterns symbols we use for Subject, Verb, Direct Object, Indirect Object, Prepositional Object, Subject complement, Object complement | S = Subject V = Verb Od = Direct object Oi = Indirect object Op = Prepositional object Cs = Subject complement Co = Object complement |
| normal: Intransitive: | No direct object, no indirect object, no complements... (S V) It rained. He laughed. She slept. The leaves fell. |
| normal: Monotransitive: | Monotransitive: There is a direct object, and nothing more. (S V Od) John ate the apple. Mary read the book. We bought a new car. |
| normal: Ditransitive: | There is an indirect object and a direct object. (S V Oi Od) He gave me a book. She baked him a cake. I sent my teacher an e-mail. |
| PP complement verbs: Intransitive: | There is a prepositional object, and nothing more. (S V Op) I hoped for a break. She went to school. We live in Vienna. |
| PP complement verbs: Transitive | There is a direct object and a prepositional object. (S V Od Op) I put the bottle on the desk. He threw the computer out the window. |
| complement-patterns: Copular | There is a subject complement (with copular verb). (S V Cs) The tree is in the garden. He seemed restless. The cake tastes good. |
| complement-patterns: With object complement: | There is a direct object and an object complement. (S V Od Op) She considers him worthy. The story made me sad. He called James a liar. |
| Then identify the complementation pattern of the sentences/clauses. The wine made Fred drunk. | With object complement (complex transitive) (S V Od Co) |
| The dog bit my arm. | Monotransitive (S V Od) |
| You told me a lovely story. | Ditransitive (S V Oi Od) |
| She’s on the phone. | Intransitive (with prepositional object) (S V Op) |
| The taxi driver took me to the airport. | Transitive (with prepositional object) (S V Od Op) |
| I laughed because the joke was funny. | Intransitive (S V) Copular (with subject complement) (S V Cs) |
| We can distinguish between lexical and functional elements -What can they be? -What do they have? -Can they be modified? -open/closed class? -name some! special case: lexical elements | |
| yes, also prepositions are lexical elements 3 criteria for yes 2 criteria for no | |
| The small dog started barking loudly because a cat had jumped into the garden and stolen the dog’s favourite toy. which elements are lexical, which are functional? | lexical: small dog started barking loudly cat jumped into garden stolen dog's favorite toy functional: The because a had the and the |
| What is language typology? | --> The study and classification of languages according to their structural and functional features. |
| How can we classify languages? | According to morphosyntax and word order |
| What different kinds of language are there? | |
| Isolating (analytic) languages | • One word = one morpheme • Remember a morpheme can also be a marker for tense! In some languages this is a separate word • Semantically transparent (= easy to work out the meaning from the parts) • E.g. (Mandarin) Chinese, Papiamentu... |
| Synthetic languages: fusional / inflectional | • One word = multiple morphemes (polymorphemic words) • A morpheme can contain more than one element of meaning • For example: Spanish hablé – this ending means first person, singular, preterite tense, indicative, active...) • Semantically non-transparent (= more difficult to get the meaning from the parts) • E.g. Spanish, Latin, Russian... |
| Synthetic languages: non-fusional / agglutinating | • One word = multiple morphemes (polymorphemic words) • Each morpheme has just one element of meaning i.e. one morpheme for tense, one morpheme for person, one morpheme for voice etc. • Semantically transparent • E.g. Turkish, Basque... |
| Language typology: What about English? | • English, like most languages, is mixed • Mostly analytic (isolating), some synthetic elements (inflectional/fusional) • Analytic: I will have been contacted by the end of the day. • Synthetic: I ate my sandwich. • English used to be more synthetic in the past, but has become more analytic |
| How does this affect the word order of Isolating (analytic) and synthetic languages? inflection? | |
| Word order on the clause level: There are some cross-linguistic tendencies: Major types? Minor types? | • Verb and object tend to occur adjacently • Subject tends to precede the object (in non-marked utterances) • Major types: SVO (English, Indonesian...), SOV (Japanese, Turkish...) • Minor types: VSO, VOS, OVS, OSV... |
| Word order on the phrase level | There are head-initial and head-final languages. |
| head initial languages | There are head-initial languages... -> This means the head comes at the beginning of the phrase ->Other elements in the phrase come after the head ->i.e. in a noun phrase: N A Det pays riches (N A) |
| head-final languages | ->This means the head comes at the end of the phrase ->Other elements in the phrase come before the head ->i.e. in a noun phrase: Det A N |
| Word order on the phrase level English? Fronting? | Again, English is mixed! SVO order: “I can do that!” But then: “Now THAT I can do!” ( we call this ‘fronting’) |
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