Globalisation 4

Question	Answer
De-industrialisation	The decline of regionally important manufacturing industries. The decline can be charted either in terms of workforce numbers or output and production measures.
Internal Migrant	Someone who moves from place to place inside the borders of country. Globally, most internal migrants move from rural to urban areas (rural to urban migration). In the developed world, however, people also move from urban areas to more rural areas (counter-urbanisation).
Urbanisation	An increase in the proportion of people living in urban areas.
Economic Migrant	A migrant whose primary motivation is to seek employment. Migrants who already had a job may set off in a search of better pay, more regular pay, promotion or a career change.
What does the term 'global shift' mean?	Describes the international relocation of different types of industrial activity, especially manufacturing industries. Since 1960s, many industries have all but vanished from Europe and North America. Instead they thrive in Asia, South American and increasingly Africa.
What does global shift stem from?	Combination of off-shoring, outsourcing and new business start-ups in emerging economies.
Accompanying the movement is the 'exporting' or unethical economic economic practices that an early-industrialising nation like the UK abandoned long ago. These include...	Dangerous working conditions, child labour and highly unequal pay for men and women. All can currently be found in Bangladesh, Vietnam and India. There are sometime severe costs for the environment too. The global shift of polluting industries for LIC has meant that TNCs are, subject to fewer environmental rules and regulations.
Costs and Benefits for Emerging Asia The country is a (blank) member of the worlds (..th) largest economy. Between (when) and (when), most large Asian economies sustained exceptionally strong annual growth rates in part due to global shift.	OECD 11th 2000-2010
Economic, Social and Environmental Changes Associated with Globalisation Poverty Reduction + Waged Work	Worldwide, 1 billion people have escaped US$1.25-a-day poverty since 1990. The Majority are Asian: over 500 million have escaped poverty in China alone. The term 'new global middle class' is used to describe the growing mass or urban, working people who have escaped rural poverty. Some work in the manufacturing sector in Bangladesh and China. Others belong to service industries in India and the Philippines. Many earn between US$10 and US$100 per day. By 2030, it is predicted that Asia will be home to 3 billion middle-class people.
Economic, Social and Environmental Changes Associated with Globalisation Education and Training	High school achievement in Singapore and Hong Kong is envied by governments around the world. Throughout Asia, education has improved in recent decades, albeit unevenly. Around 2500 universities in China, India and South Korea award millions of graduate degrees each year. China alone awarded 30,000 PhDs in 2012, and Asian countries now play a leading role in quaternary sector research in biotechnology and medical science.
Economic, Social and Environmental Changes Associated with Globalisation Environment and Resource Pressure	The flip-side of global economic growth is the acceleration of environmental decline. Forested land has been sacrificed to urbanisation, logging and cash cropping, Since 1990, Togo has lost 60% of its forested area; Nigeria's forest have halved in size. Elsewhere, productive crop land has been ruined by over-exploitation, soil erosion or mining. From 1990 to 2008, globalisation helped drive a 'commodities super cycle'. Demand for raw material - from soy beans to iron ore - rose steeply each year. However, global resource pressure has recently slackened, due to reduced demand in China.
Economic, Social and Environmental Changes Associated with Globalisation Infrastructure, The built Environment and Unplanned Settlements	Alongside economic take-off, infrastructure development has taken place, bringing modern motorways, high speed railways and airports to major cities including Jakarta. There is a growing trend for extreme high-rise development in city centre 'hotspots' in any Asian cities, including Hong Kong. Often these developments are accompanied by loss of recreational spaces + older, unplanned neighbourhoods. Beijing's traditional hunting (narrow lanes) are now all lost. Mumbai's Dharavi slum is a cramped and chaotic place that is home to families who live on little more than £200 a month. It is also the location of a thriving recycling industry worth as much as £700 million a year and employing 250,000 people. However, city authorities are determined to replace the Dharavi slum with modern flats.
Global Outsourcing of Services to India What is some of its recent economic success attributable to? Why have US and UK businesses outsourced so much work to India, and the city of Bangalore in particular?	Call Centre Services Many Indian citizens are fluent English. Broadband capacity is high in Bangalore.
India's Call Centre Success Story COSTS	Call centre workers sometimes complain they're exploited. Their work can be highly repetitive, working at night due to time zone difference Gap between rich and poor is increased.
India's call centre success Benefits	India's call centre workers earn good middle class wages. Indian outsourcing is profitable US $9 billion 2015 (top 20 global companies for innovations)
CASE STUDY The Benefits of the global shift in Mumbai, India.	Home to clusters of key industries - in particular finance, nuclear power generation, music, film and textiles. A huge infrastructure investment has been required to support this growth. The Chhatrapati Shivaji International Airport is the main aviation hub for the city. (capacity of the airport is being increased to handle up to 40 million passengers annually. A new international airport has been sanctioned by the Indian government and will help relieve the increasing burden on the existing airport
CASE STUDY The costs of global shift in Mumbai India	Rapid rates of urbanisation have led to poverty and unemployment, poor public health care, are poor civic and educational standards for a large section of the population. With overcrowding and shortages of land, Mumbai residents often live in cramped, relatively expesnive housing. The average price of 95m^2 of acommodation in the city is US$250,000 or 90 times GDP per capita.
Global Outsourcing of Manufacturing to China 1990s	Gained reputation 'workshop of the world', Cities (Shenzhen + Dongguan) offered foreign investors massive pool of low cost migrant labour 1990s common stories, Chinese workers suffering in factory conditions.
Global Outsourcing of Manufacturing to China Between 2000 and 2010	Improved Conditions, disposable income of urban people rose following protests. In 2010 workers walked off production lines for Honda and Toyota etc. Actions led to increased wages between 30-65% Honda (US$300 a month).
Global Outsourcing of Manufacturing to China Since 2010	Strategic planning, companies further manufacturing value chain. Economy maturing rapidly. 'hi-tech' manufacturing is booming, improved pay for worker, iPhones made in china. Sweatshop jobs migrated to Bangladesh.
China's 'workshop of the world' COSTS	Early years - workers exploited in sweatshop 2500 metal workers in Yong Kong last limb of finger each years due to factory conditions. Dismemberment Capital since then has improved. Environment still suffers greatly 'airpocolypse', air pollution in cities reduces Chinese life expectancy by five years. PM2.5 deep in lungs - cancer- stroke.
China's 'workshop of the world' BENEFITS	Conditions improve, larger income gains, smartphones Car ownership grown to 1/5 since 2000 Chinas economic growth is driven by domestic consumption and not just by value of exports Transfer in technology has taken place since the early days of manufacturing led industrialisation. Local companies had adopted technologies and management techniques to China by TNCs.
Environmental Challenges for Communities in Developing Countries Within many developing economies have experience what?	Experienced major environmental problems as a result of global shift. Adverse impacts on health and well-being of people have resulted from pollution, over exploitation of resources and the dumping of industrial waste.
Environmental Challenges for Communities in Developing Countries Why has weak environmental governance been attractive location factor?	In HIC such as UK, environment agency have a well funded remit to moniter industrial operations and fine polluters. Elsewhere, there is less red tape.
Environmental and Health Impacts of TNCs in Developing Countries China	Dongguan: workers for Wintek, the firm that makes touchscreen for iPhones, were poisoned by the chemicals used to treat the glass. Hunan Province: many people were poisoned by a lead emitting manganese smelter (strengthen steel-major import)
Environmental and Health Impacts of TNCs in Developing Countries Ivory Coast	Tens of thousands suffered ill health after toxic waste alleged to produce hydrogen sulphide was dumped by a ship owned by Tra Figura, a european TNC. A £28 million cash settlement.
Environmental and Health Impacts of TNCs in Developing Countries Indonesia	Land Degradation and biodiversity loss are widespread in Indonesia, where an area of rainforest as big as 100,000 football pitches is lost each year. Room is being created for palm oil plantations and mining operations The scale of forest burning has created transboundary smoke pollution. Mammal Species threatened.
Social and Environmental Problems for Deindustrialised Regions Why has global shift created challenges for developing countries too?	Economic restructuring has brought a wave of economic and social problems to inner city areas.
Social and Environmental Problems for Deindustrialised Regions What happened in 1970s that cause many factors to close? What happened as inner city unemployment rose?	1970's, many European & American factory workers lost their jobs. Western Factories closed in large numbers once Asia became the focus of global manufacturing. As inner city unemployment rose (sheffield and baltimore), local communities abruptly ceased to be significant producers/consumers of wealth. The worst affected neighbourhoods were now home to switched off communities, irrelevant to global economy.
Particular changes of Deindustrialisation in Urban Areas in developed Countries High un-employment	Detroit has yet to replace large numbers of jobs lost when global shift led to the disappearance of many of the city's automobile industries.
Particular changes of Deindustrialisation in Urban Areas in developed Countries Crime	Rising Gun Crime. In some LI districts, life expectancy is 30 years lower. Drug related crime is now basis of informal economy in poor communities. When areas are switched off from legitimate global flows, become switched on to illegal global flows, drugs etc.
Particular changes of Deindustrialisation in Urban Areas in developed Countries De-population	Middle class Americans migrated out of failing neighbourhoods in vast numbers. Detroit lost 1 million since 1950. Collapse in house prices. BALTIMORE, lost 1/3 of population, 20,000 abandoned homes. Homes sold for $1. Become trapped in negative equity. Increasingly depopulation is US cities become linked with race, 'white flight' mainly african american communities.
Particular changes of Deindustrialisation in Urban Areas in developed Countries Dereliction	The combination of manufacturing industry closures, falling house prices and rising crime rates result in widespread environmental dereliction. A 'broken windows' scenario develops (at first small acts of vandalism are tolerated; soon more serious problems like arson become a more common place.
CASE STUDY Deindustrialisation in Detroit, Michigan.	1920s- 4th largest city in USA (thriving car industry FORD). Industrial restructuring resulting from global shift (FORD moved to japan)- Depopulation etc. Lost 1/4 of population now 18th largest city Resulting in reduction in tax revenue led to city having income below US federal governments official poverty level. 2014 Detroits murder rate was 45% per 100,000, highest in any city.

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	Created by Ethan Molloy over 7 years ago