9134369
Description
Flashcards by Victoria Wright, updated more than 1 year ago
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Created by Victoria Wright
almost 7 years ago
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| Question | Answer |
| What are the Cardiac output variables? | Stroke volume, contractility, myocardial oxygen demand, preload, afterload, ejection fraction |
| Stroke Volume is affected by what? What is the mnemonic device to remember it? | Stroke Volume affected by Contractility, Afterload, and Preload. Mnemonic: SV CAP |
| What is affected by Contractility, Afterload, and Preload? | Stroke volume |
| High SV with: High or Low Contractility (eg, anxiety, exercise)? | High |
| High SV with: High or Low Preload (eg, early pregnancy)? | High |
| High SV with: High or Low Afterload? | Low |
| A failing heart has high or low SV? | A failing heart has low SV (systolic and/or diastolic dysfunction) |
| Contractility increases with what? | C |
| Contractility (and SV) increase with: Catecholamine stimulation via what receptor? | Catecholamine stimulation via β1 receptor |
| Contractility (and SV) increase with: Stimulation of what via β1 receptor? | Catecholamine stimulation via β1 receptor |
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Ca2+ channels phosphorylated |
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Increased Ca2+ entry |
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Increased Ca2+-induced Ca2+ release |
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Increased Ca2+ storage in sarcoplasmic reticulum |
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Phospholamban phosphorylation |
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active Ca2+ ATPase |
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Increased Ca2+ storage in sarcoplasmic reticulum |
| Contractility (and SV) increase with: Increased or decreased intracellular Ca2+? | Increased |
| Contractility (and SV) increase with: Increased or decreased extracellular Na+? | Decreased extracellular Na+ (decreased activity of Na+/Ca2+ exchanger) |
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Contractility (and SV) increase with:
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Digitalis (blocks Na+/K+ pump |
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increased intracellular Na+ |
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Decreased Na+/Ca2+ exchanger activity |
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Increased intracellular Ca2+ |
| Contractility (and SV) decrease with what? | S |
| Does Contractility increase or decrease with the following? β1-blockade (decreased cAMP) | Decrease |
| Does Contractility increase or decrease with the following? HF with systolic dysfunction | Decrease |
| Does Contractility increase or decrease with the following? Acidosis | Decrease |
| Does Contractility increase or decrease with the following? Hypoxia/hypercapnia | Decrease |
| Does Contractility increase or decrease with the following? Non-dihydropyridine Ca2+ channel blockers | Decrease |
| Does Contractility increase or decrease with the following? Catecholamine stimulation via β1 receptor | Increase |
| Does Contractility increase or decrease with the following? Increased intracellular Ca2+ | Increase |
| Does Contractility increase or decrease with the following? Decreased extracellular Na+ | Increase |
| Does Contractility increase or decrease with the following? Digitalis | Increase |
| MyoCARDial O2 demand is increased by what? | H |
| Wall tension follows what law? | Wall tension follows Laplace’s law: Wall tension = pressure × radius Wall stress = (pressure × radius)/ (2 × wall thickness) |
| Laplace's Law Wall tension = ? | Wall tension = pressure × radius |
| Laplace's Law pressure × radius = ? | Wall tension |
| Laplace's Law (pressure × radius) / (2 × wall thickness) = ? | Wall stress |
| Laplace's Law Wall stress = ? | (pressure × radius) / (2 × wall thickness) |
| How is Preload approximated? | Preload approximated by ventricular EDV; depends on venous tone and circulating blood volume. |
| VEnous vasodilators (eg, nitroglycerin) do what to preload? | VEnous vasodilators (eg, nitroglycerin) decrease prEload. |
| Preload approximated by ventricular EDV; depends on what? | Preload approximated by ventricular EDV; depends on venous tone and circulating blood volume. |
| Afterload is approximated by what? | Afterload approximated by MAP. |
| Increased afterload leads to what? | Leads to increased pressure which leads to increased wall tension per Laplace's law. |
| What compensates for increased afterload? How does it compensate? | LV compensates for increased afterload by thickening (hypertrophy) in order to decrease wall tension. |
| What do Arterial vasodilators do to afterload? | Arterial vasodilators (eg, hydrAlAzine) decrease Afterload. |
| What do ACE inhibitors and ARBs do to preload? To afterload? | ACE inhibitors and ARBs decrease both preload and afterload. |
| What does chronic hypertension (increased MAP) lead to? | Chronic hypertension (increased MAP) leads to LV hypertrophy. |
| Ejection Fraction EF = ? | EF = SV / EDV EF = (EDV-ESV) / (EDV) |
| Left ventricular EF is an index of what? | Left ventricular EF is an index of ventricular contractility. |
| What happens to EF in systolic HF? | EF decreases in systolic HF |
| What happens to EF in HF with preserved ejection fraction (HFpEF)? | EF normal in HF with preserved ejection fraction (HFpEF). |
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