Flashcards
Social Science Grade 6
Cards in this deck (139)
- 1Population distributionwhere people live on earth
- 2Factors that influence movement and settlement of peopleabout 7 billion people on earth
inhabit only 15% of surface of earth - why
1.Natural factors -
a)climate - needs to be comfortable
b) sources - food & water/ basic needs met
depends on relief/shape/height of landscape
2. Human factors -
a) economy - people settle where they can earn money
b) social/political factors - government structure affect where people live and stay - 3why would fewer people live in deserts, jungles and very cold countries?extreme temperatures = low population
dense vegetation = low population = difficult to live - 4higher population density in North Eastern corner of Africa - why?Nile River makes this area highly fertile, water readily accessible for crops, personal use, river makes trade/ports possible = good for economy
- 5on what basis could you say Australia is an URBANISED country?80% of population live in towns or cities
- 6what is a census?way of determining how many people live in an area - population count
includes jobs/schools/income in census - 7people tend to migrate from rural to urban areas - why?URBAN = more jobs, more technology, better schools, better healthcare, better facilities for elderly
RURAL = farming/subsistence farming, often less employment opportunities - 8factors affecting movement from rural to urban areas 200 years agomove towards agricultural technology so fewer people needed to work in fields
development in medical technology= people move to cities for more job opportunities
cities have better working environment and better pay - 9list 5 problems an influx of people from rural areas to urban areas would cause a cityovercrowding of schools
too much pressure on infrastructure/resources- water, sanitation, healthcare
demand for more jobs but not enough available
unemployment leads to social issues- stealing, crime, poverty
break down of communities and family structure - 10give 3 facts why depopulation is a problem for any countryyoung people leave and elderly population remain behind
breakdown of community
closing of businesses because too few people = adds to unemployment - 11developing countrycountry that has NOT experienced the development of new technologies and growth in wealth
- 12developing countries - factsusually found in southern hemisphere
extreme climates and lack of resources make progress difficult
high levels of debt from borrowing for years
nations wealth judged by examining its GNP - 13changes in farming methods have industrialized nationswith increase in use of machinery and technology farmers need less staff/ farm workers
workers move to cities to find jobs
countries develop their industries.economy and factories = greater industrialization - 14ageing populationcountries with LOW BIRTH RATE (not having lots of children) and HIGH life expectancies because of high medical care
usually found in developed countries - 15South Africa does NOT have an aging population - why?people have more children
shorter life expectancies and younger population
Africa - population = 50% under age of 15 - 16Population densitymeasurement of the number of people living in an area
- 17Physical factors affecting high population densityPhysical factors for a high population density
low relief land is flat - good for building homes and cities (shape and height of land)
rich in resources (coal, wood, oil, fishing)
temperate climate- enough rain and heat to grow crops - 18Physical factors affecting low population densityhigh mountainous land = shape & height of land
few resources sparsely populated=resources
extreme climates e.g. desert =climate - 19Human factors affecting high population densitypolitical=stable governments e.g. Singapore
social=people living close together for security e.g. South Africa
economic=good job opportunities especially in large cities - 20Human factors affecting low population densitypolitical=unstable countries as people migrate e.g. Afganistan
social=groups of people prefer to be isolated
economic=limited job opportunities e.g. Amazon Forest - 21what does the word poverty meanwhere peoples basic needs for food, clothing and shelter are not being met
state of being extremely poor - 22what are basic needsmost important things = food, clothing, shelter
- 23define populationa collection of people or organisms of a particular species living in a given geographic area usually measured by a census
- 24define population distributionthe pattern of where people live
- 25sparsely means dense and sparsefew
densely populated= Europe
sparsely populated=Antarctica - 26average population densityworked out by dividing the number of people in a province into the square km's of a province
eg:
Mapumalanga = 79490 km/2
3 700 000 people live there
3 700 00
___________
79 490
= 46.5 people per km/2 - 27remember the size of a place/province does not have anything to do with how many people live therethis is population density
- 28how many people in the world7 billion
- 29how many people in SAnearly 52 million
- 30urban ruralan area with many buildings and roads e.g. towns and cities
the countryside = many farms and villages
grow crops
keep animals
work in shops/schools/clinics - 31why people move from rural areas to towns/cities and urban areastired of being poor farmers - farmers depend on weather for their crops and if there is a drought or floods their drops can be ruined
a person may need to attend a high school or college in the city
if they are ill they need to live near a hospital
families want an electrified house, toilet and clean water
no jobs where they live
jobs on the mines where they can earn money to send home to their families - 32subsistence farmersomeone who grows enough food to feed himself and his family
- 33define equatorline on a map or globe that divides the earth into North and South
- 34Planet Earth is divided into two halves called . 1.Latitudes 2.Longitudes 3.Hemispheres 4.Semi-cirlces3. hemispheres
- 35define Greenwich meridianline on a map or globe that goes from North pole to South pole and passes through town of Greenwich in England
- 36Which imaginary line is midway between the North and South Poles? 1.Tropic of Cancer 2.Equator 3.Arctic Circle 4.Tropic of Capricorn2. equator
- 37The Prime Meridian is located at what degrees? 1. 50 Degrees 2. 25 Degrees 3. 5 Degrees 4. 0 Degrees4. 0 degrees
- 38latitudeposition of a place between the equator and the North pole or the South pole
lines run HORIZONTALLY - 39The divides the earth into eastern and western hemisphere The divides the earth into northern and southern hemisphereprime meridian
equator - 40longitudeposition of a place East or West from the Greenwich meridian
lines run VERTICAL
measured in degrees - 41What lines in the grid are east-west? 1.longitude 2.prime meridian 3.meridians 4.latitude4. latitude
- 42important lines to remember90°N (North Pole)
66,5°N (Arctic Circle)
23,5°N (Tropic of Cancer)
0° (Equator)
23,5°S (Tropic of Capricorn)
66,5°S (Antarctic Circle)
90°S (South Pole) - 43hemispherehalf of a spare/round shape e.g. Earth
Northern
Southern
Eastern
Western
every place on Earth is situated in two hemispheres at the same time e.g.
South Africa - Southern and Eastern - 44co-ordinateslines of latitude and longitude are like grid references
they give an exact point=given in co-ordinates
South Africa 29°S 24°E - 45The latitude and longitude numbers that tell the address of a place on the map are called 1. grids 2. relative locations 3. parallels 4. co-ordinates4. co-ordinates
- 46a) are imaginary lines running vertically from the b) to the c)a) meridians
b)North Pole
c) South Pole - 47What is the unit of measure in which latitude and longitude is expressed? 1. kilometers 2. miles 3. tons 4. degrees4. degrees
- 48scalethe distances on the map compared to the distances on the ground
- 49line scale word scaleline scale shows distances on the map and what these are on the ground
word scale explains these in words - 50changes in society 900AD and 1300ADfirst millennium - 1000years
African farmers settled in small villages over souther Africa
each village 100 people
group of villages sometimes we part of a larger group ruled by a chief
social hierarchy=old people more important than younger people
men more power than women
subsistence farmers
Late iron Age
kept sheep cattle goats
grew crops melons, sorghum, millet
produced iron for weapons, tools and ornaments - 51900AD- 1300ADfarming communities became more complex
bigger and more organized
way they were ruled more complicated - 52K2 and Schrodaarcheological sites
settlements before Mapungupwe
Mapungupwe began 800 years ago
farmers settled at K2 & Schroda 900Ad
traders wanted ivory
lots of elephants
men hunted wild elephants and exchanged ivory for glass beads from East
TRADE changed way societies at K2 and Schroda were organized
began to import and export
farmers moved to Mapungupwe - 53Archeologistspeople who look for objects left behind by people who lived in the past
- 54milleniumone thousand years
- 55genderpeople are either male or female
men and women have different roles in society=
called gender roles - 56complex societiesgroups of people who live together
have different roles
rulers have more power over others - 57hierarchya system where some people are more important and have more power than others
- 58social relationshipsthe way people in society live together
- 59first millenniumyear 1 to 1000 AD
- 60first millennium and African farmershad settled in small villages over parts of Souther Africa
each village had a few hundred people
DID NOT depend on other villages
sometimes a group of villages formed part of a larger village rules by a chief
some people more important than others
SOCIAL HIERARCHY based on gender - men had more power than women, age - older more power than younger
villages were SUBSISTENCE farmers
sometimes called LAte iron Age
farmers kept goats, cattle,sheep
grew melons, sorghun, millet
produced iron for tools, weapons and ornaments - 61give three words to describe how societies began to change over timecomplex - societies became more complicated
hierarchy - social hierarchy based on age and gender
iron - tools, weapons and ornaments - the iron age - 62K2 and Shrodafarming communities before Mapungupwe
Mapungupwe began 800 years ago - 63artefactsthings that people made
- 64K2, Shroda and Mapungupweway of life =
no writing so history was passed down from generation to generation orally through stories
archeologists study how people live in the past
look for building remains, artifacts, skeletons
all tell a story of how people lived at a certain time - 65Mapungupwecomplex society
present day Limpopo Province
about 800 years ago
Large kingdom
political hierarchy
trade network over what is today Botswana, Zimbabwe, parts of Mozambique and South Africa
trade links across Indian Ocean to Middle East and India - 66Mapungupwe 1220-1300first state in Southern Africa
chief was a KING
king lived at the top of Mapungupwe Hill
lived with members of his family and a few other important people
other people lived at the bottom of the hill
1st time leaders lived apart from the ordinary people
king showed his power by living on top of the hill
was believed the king communicated with his ancestors on behalf of the people
called SACRED LEADERSHIP
living on top of the hill brought king closer to ancestors
king in charge of important ceremonies - e.g. rain making
first stone walls built at top of hill
formed part of the kings palace
walls kept the king hidden from the people he ruled over
Mapungupwe Hill was a sacred/holy place
no ordinary people allowed to climb
soldiers guarded the stairways - 67Mapungupwe 1220-13005000 people lived at Mapungupwe
FIRST African farming town in Southern Africa
largest African farming settlement of the time
had distinct (very clear) social classes = king and family at top of hill and ordinary people at the bottom of the hill - 68symbols of royal power and political leadershipgold NOT mined at Mapungupwe - brought from further north
gold was scarce (hard to find)
gold very valuable as hard to find, did not rust and lasts forever
gold was a status symbol ( sign of someones importance)
Kings and royal family were buried at top of the hill with golden objects - 69Golden Rhinocerosmade of sheets of thinly beaten gold leaf pinned with tacks onto a carved wooden base
rhino a symbol of leadership because it is fierce and likes to be left alone
horn of the rhino symbolizes the role of the leader as the protector of his people - 70Sceptresceptre is a staff carried by the king as a symbol of authority
beaten gold attached to a wooden core - shows the skill of the craftsmen - 71trade across Africaafter 700AD Muslim Arabs followed new religion of Islam and began to settle on the coastal towns of eastern Africa
set up homes and married African women and had children
many Africans converted to Islam
language on east coast soon changed - African and Arab languages mixed together to form Swahilli = people living along the coast
Swahilli way of life= mix of Arab and African culture, customs and languages - 72Trade across AfricaSwahillimerchants traded with farmers from Mapungupwe
farmers brought ivory and gold rhino horn and tortoise shells which Swahilli traders wanted
Swahilli traders then traded with Arab merchants who sailed from the East in ships called dhows
Arab traders traded glassware, beads, cloth and carpets
Mapungupwe became connected to other parts of the world by trade = beginning of globalization - 73globalisationtrade on a worldwide scale
- 74tradinglarge groups of men from Mapungupwe walked to the coast and back again
used stars to guide them, were excellent trackers, carried goods they wanted to exchange - ivory, animal skins, gold, rhino horn
hid the gold in porcupine quills to disguise it in case they were attacked by thieves - 75Great Zimbabwe & Mapungupwe buildingsGreat Zimbabwe
-walls built on hill
-large huts of slopes of hill
-smaller huts built closer together in the valley
Mapungupwe
-stone walled palace - first stone walls on top of hill
large huts built on slopes of hill
smaller huts built closer together in valley below - 76Great Zimbabwe & Mapungupwe tradeGreat Zimbabwe
- traded goods such as - gold, iron and ivory for glass, cloth, glazed pottery with Arab traders on Swahilli coast
Mapungupwe
-traded goods with Swahilli merchants
-goods traded by African farmers were gold, ivory, rhino horn and tortoise shells
-exchanged these for beads, cloth, carpets and glassware with Arab merchants from the East - 77Great Zimbabwe & Mapungupwe social hierarchyGreat Zimbabwe
King, members of his family and other important people lived at the top of the hill separated from the ordinary people below
Mapungupwe
-King, members of his family and other important people (more power) lived at the top of the hill separated from the ordinary people below
-Mapungupwe Hill was a sacred/holy place - 78Great Zimbabwe & Mapungupwe ancestorsGreat Zimbabwe
-people of Great Zimbabwe believed that birds carried messages to and from ancestors
-leaders were believed to be like crocodiles - they did not fear their enemies, lived for many years and communicated with the ancestors
Mapungupwe
-King communicated with ancestors on behalf of the people = sacred leadership
-King was in charge of important ceremonies and rituals - 79Artefacts found at MapungupweIron hoe
glass bead bracelet/beads
golden rhino
golden scepter
cowrie shells
clay pots
golden bowl
iron arrow heads
clay figures - 80Mapungupwe artefact Iron hoetool
made and used iron tools for farming - 81Mapungupwe artefact Chinese tea pothousehold object
symbol of stays which shows evidence of trade with China - 82Mapungupwe artefact stone game (Mancala)people had time to play games
- 83Mapungupwe artefact gold braceletluxury goods
gold was mined
skilled craftsmen worked with gold to make items - 84Mapungupwe artefact clay potshousehold object
evidence of everyday life - 85Mapungupwe artefact glass beadsluxury goods
staus symbol
evidence of trade and skilled craftsmen - 86Mapungupwe artefact cowrie shellspersonal decoration
evidence of both skilled craftsmen and trade - 87Mapungupwe artefacts gold rhino and sceptreluxury goods
symbol of power demonstrating a powerful leader - 88Mapungupwe artefacts golden bowlceremonial symbol of a powerful leader
- 89Mapungupwe artefacts spindle whorlsevidence of cotton being grown
weaving, cloth making
skilled craftsmen - 90Mapungupwe artefacts iron arrow headspeople hunted for food and traded
- 91complete the followinghigh walls = enclosure
fierce symbol of leadership = rhino
Arabs brought which religion to Africa = Islam
a state that developed between 1280 and 1450= Great Zimbabwe
Spirits of people who have died = ancestors
Mapungupwe is found here = Limpopo
Arab traders exchanged this good = cloth
gold was hidden in these animals quills = porcupine - 92complete the following:language and culture of people living on East coast = Swahilli
Arab traders sailed across the Indian ocean in these boats= dhows
trade on a worldwide scale = globalization
trade between Africa and Asia= mix of African and Arab cultures
who lived at the top of Mapungupwe Hill = king
religious ceremonies= rituals
a highly organized political system = state - 93What is the main reason for the world's increased urbanization? 1. People move to cities to find jobs 2. Refugees flee to cities to escape persecution 3. Immigrants move to the countryside to avoid famine 4. People move to the countryside to farm large plots of land1. people move to cities to find jobs
- 94What important process led to a food surplus and an end to hunting, gathering, and migration? 1. Irrigation 2. Agriculture 3. Bronze toolmaking 4. Wheeled cart creation2. Agriculture
- 95Rural means city and urban means small town (or farms) 1. True 2. False2. False
- 96The abbreviation BC stands for 1. Before comon era 2. Before Christ 3. Before Chickens2. before Christ
- 97a) is a tool that helps the user know what direction one is headed.a)compass
- 98The Great Zimbabwe King and a) lived in the b) and the common people lived in the large town at the c) .a) his priests
b)high city
c)bottom of the hill - 99Zimbabwe means 'place with stone walls where a chief lives'. 1. True 2. False1. True
- 100How are oral traditions important to learning? 1. They teach people how to speak clearly 2. They trasmit history and culture 3. They show that learning can be fun 4. They teach respect for storytellers2. they transmit history and culture
- 101Great Zimbabwe was built in about a) and became a powerful Kingdom between b) and c) .a)1300
b)1350
c)1450 - 102An archeologist is most likely to 1. collect oral histories and stories 2. share in the daily life of people being studied 3. learn a local language 4. use artifacts to reconstruct past cultures4. use artifacts to reconstruct past cultures
- 103The Great Zimbabwe rulers took over control of the trade between Mapungubwe and the coast. 1. True 2. False1.True
- 104At the same time that the Kingdom of Mapungubwe ended around 1270AD, a new greater town was built to the a) . This new town was known as b) . Today the capital of this southern African Kingdom is known as c) .a)north
b)Great Zimbabwe
c) Zimbabwe - 105What do the Shona people believe about the spirits of their ancestors?The Shona people believe that their ancestors spirits can soar like birds between our world and the spirit world.
- 106Why is it important to study ancient civilizations?It is important to study ancient civilizations so we can see the connections between the past and present and learn how people from different time periods and different parts of world lived.
- 107History of medicinestone age = plants for healing= first example of indigenous medicine
also carried out operation called TREPANNING - making a hole in a persons skull for people with headaches or mental disorders
believed hole in skull allowed bad spirits to escape
some skulls up to 20 000 years old - 108medicine in ancient Egyptfounders of scientific medicine
developed procedures for dealing with sick people
had a good knowledge of human body
they were wealthy and could spend time developing medical skills
observed how blockages in a river caused problems with irrigation and believed bidy worked the same way
were familiar with internal organs of the body because of mummification
performed operations to remove tumours
because of developing writing they could record their cures
used a mixture of magic and medicine
IMHOTEP famous Egyptian doctor
2600BC= first physician known by name - 109medicine in ancient IndiaIndian system of medicine called Ayurveda
date back to 14AD
still practiced today
mixture of religion and healing
Indian doctors used more than 120 different steel instruments
first doctors to do plastic surgery - 110Ancient Chinese medicinebagan in China in 2800BC
concentrated on outside of the body and thought it wrong to cut open the body
did not include surgery
acupuncture, massage
treatments still used today
chi (energy) flows along channels and needs to be unblocked
acupuncture - special needles inserted into special points in the body to balance energy and unblock it
natural forces called yin and yang which have to be in perfect balance - 111Ancient Greece and father of Western medicineGreeks learnt from Egyptians about plant medicines
HIPPOCRATES - 14AD - started several medical schools wrote about 60 books
1st doctor to realize diseases not caused by gods
people became ill due to natural causes because of a weakness in their bodies
Hippocrates believed rest, exercise, massage, salt baths, healthy foods
believed in :diagnose then make a prognosis, then observe, then treat
most famous for hippocratic oath - promise doctors make to use their knowledge only for healing and helping people - 112Roman influenceRomans made huge advances in public health from 300BC on
knew diseases were linked to dirty water and human waste
built pipes and aqueducts to transport clean water=aquaducts (14) - 113medicine in ancient RomeGalen discovered that the human body had a system of arteries which carry the blood
romans tried to control the spread of diseases with good hygiene, clean running water, sewerage system and rubbish removal - 114early medicine in Europemedicine still practiced with magic, astrology and witchcraft
health looked at as a gift from God and disease as a punishment for sine - 115medicine in modern times1500's modern medicine saw more patients surviving illness and injury
idea of quarantine helped stop spread of disease
bodies dissected to find out how muscles worked
James Lind discovered scurvy (disease men caught on boats) was linked to vitamin C deficiency - lime juice suggested as a cure - 116medical pioneersEdward Jenner 1796
discovered medical procedure called inoculation
injected a boy with cowpox which gave him resistance to smallpox - 117medical pioneersLouis Pasteur 1800's
developed process called pasteurization
discovered that bacteria caused infections when operations were carried out
proved that disease was spread through air or in water by germs - 118medical pioneersHumphrey Davy discovered nitrous oxide (laughinggas)= takes away a patients pain
1846 - patient given an ANAESTHETIC during an operation - 119Josheph Lister 1856makes surgery safer using carbolic acid to sterilize surgical instruments, patients skin and surgeons hands
acid killed germs which caused the infections so fewer people died after surgery - 120Wilhelm Rontgen 1895German physicist discovers Rontgen rays or X-rays allowing doctors to see inside a living body
- 121Alexander Fleming 1928noticed mould growing on the special food where he was growing germs
mould killed the germs
this mould was called penicillin - an antibiotic that has been called the greatest medical discovery so far - 122James Watson and Francis Crick 1953the structure of our genetic code DNA is discovered
- 123John Gibbon 1953invents heart lung machine
- 124Dr. Chris Barnard 1967first heart transplant 4 December 1967
patient Louis Washkansky lived for 18 days
died of a lung infection
young woman Denise Darvall killed in a car accident - her father gave Dr Barnard permission to uyse her heart to try and save Mr Washkansky - 125more modern developments1970-1980 canning the brain 3-D image makes diagnosing and treating brain disorders easier
1980-1990 microsurgery means that parts of the body too small to see can be treated
1990's ultrasound gives doctors another safer tool to look inside the body - 126indigenous medicineusing plants for treating illness is oldest form of medicine
traditional healing and homeopathy are other kinds - 127Homeopathy founded by Samuel Hahnemann 200 years agouse of remedies from plant, animal or mineral substances
- 128indigenous healing plantsin SA 3000 types
500 used often by traditional healers
buchu - used to cure stomach aches
aloe and african potato - 129San Healing Dancehunter-gathers in SA had a special healing dance
women sang and clapped
shamans or healers went into a trance while dancing which they believed made them able too communicate with God and the world of the spirits
healing the sick and getting rid of evil is an important part of the San religion - 130traditional healingmany traditional cultures believe that illness is caused by disturbed relationships between people
traditional healers work with both the mind and body to heal a person
traditional healers are believed to be born with a gift for healing and ancestors call on them to use their gift
more than 200 000 traditional healers in SA today - 131traditional healerssangomas - called in their dreams by the ancestors to heal sick people are trained by experienced sangomas and are often visited by ancestors in dreams and visions to help them heal and see the future
- 132traditional healers'nyangas are herbalists who use indigenous plants including herbs, bulbs, leaves etc to heal people either attend special colleges or are trained by other herbalists
- 133traditional healerssometimes healers dance and play drums to get information from a patient
traditional healers use herbs to make medicines
healer collects diving bones as gifts from patients - each bone represents a part of the patients life
the healer throws the bones to get answers about the patients problems
the healer smokes a ceremonial pipe to get into a trance state and make contact with the ancestors
necklaces, headdresses and other ceremonial clothes are a sign of how good the healer is - 134Humans are considered part of the earth's 1. atmosphere 2. hydrosphere 3. biosphere 4. lithosphere3. biosphere
- 135Which of the following is an example of a renewable resource? 1. soil 2. coal 3. oil 4. natural gas1. soil
- 13622. A guide telling you what each symbol represents is called: 1. Map Key 2. Meridian 3. Parallel Lines 4. Continent1. map key
- 137Hydro power utilizes to generate electricity. 1. nuclear reactions 2. water 3. hydrogen 4. fossil fuel2. water
- 138lines of latitudeLines of latitude
A few important facts:
The best-known one is the equator (0° line of latitude).
• The tropics are at 232°.
• The pole circles are at 663°.
• The poles are at 90° (actually a point and not a line).
• All lines of latitude run parallel to one another.
• Lines of latitude indicate the northern and southern hemispheres.
• When the location of a place is indicated, latitude is mentioned first.
The latitude of a place is a good indication of its climate. You know that places near the equator (0°) are
normally very hot. You also know that places near the poles (90°) are very cold. - 139What is a countryside area called? 1.urban 2.suburban 3.rural 4.social hierarchy3. rural
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- Flashcards on Social Science Grade 6, created by mantha on 22/05/2014.
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