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| Question | Answer |
| Population distribution | where people live on earth |
| Factors that influence movement and settlement of people | about 7 billion people on earth inhabit only 15% of surface of earth - why 1.Natural factors - a)climate - needs to be comfortable b) sources - food & water/ basic needs met depends on relief/shape/height of landscape 2. Human factors - a) economy - people settle where they can earn money b) social/political factors - government structure affect where people live and stay |
| why would fewer people live in deserts, jungles and very cold countries? | extreme temperatures = low population dense vegetation = low population = difficult to live |
| higher population density in North Eastern corner of Africa - why? | Nile River makes this area highly fertile, water readily accessible for crops, personal use, river makes trade/ports possible = good for economy |
| on what basis could you say Australia is an URBANISED country? | 80% of population live in towns or cities |
| what is a census? | way of determining how many people live in an area - population count includes jobs/schools/income in census |
| people tend to migrate from rural to urban areas - why? | URBAN = more jobs, more technology, better schools, better healthcare, better facilities for elderly RURAL = farming/subsistence farming, often less employment opportunities |
| factors affecting movement from rural to urban areas 200 years ago | move towards agricultural technology so fewer people needed to work in fields development in medical technology= people move to cities for more job opportunities cities have better working environment and better pay |
| list 5 problems an influx of people from rural areas to urban areas would cause a city | overcrowding of schools too much pressure on infrastructure/resources- water, sanitation, healthcare demand for more jobs but not enough available unemployment leads to social issues- stealing, crime, poverty break down of communities and family structure |
| give 3 facts why depopulation is a problem for any country | young people leave and elderly population remain behind breakdown of community closing of businesses because too few people = adds to unemployment |
| developing country | country that has NOT experienced the development of new technologies and growth in wealth |
| developing countries - facts | usually found in southern hemisphere extreme climates and lack of resources make progress difficult high levels of debt from borrowing for years nations wealth judged by examining its GNP |
| changes in farming methods have industrialized nations | with increase in use of machinery and technology farmers need less staff/ farm workers workers move to cities to find jobs countries develop their industries.economy and factories = greater industrialization |
| ageing population | countries with LOW BIRTH RATE (not having lots of children) and HIGH life expectancies because of high medical care usually found in developed countries |
| South Africa does NOT have an aging population - why? | people have more children shorter life expectancies and younger population Africa - population = 50% under age of 15 |
| Population density | measurement of the number of people living in an area |
| Physical factors affecting high population density | Physical factors for a high population density low relief land is flat - good for building homes and cities (shape and height of land) rich in resources (coal, wood, oil, fishing) temperate climate- enough rain and heat to grow crops |
| Physical factors affecting low population density | high mountainous land = shape & height of land few resources sparsely populated=resources extreme climates e.g. desert =climate |
| Human factors affecting high population density | political=stable governments e.g. Singapore social=people living close together for security e.g. South Africa economic=good job opportunities especially in large cities |
| Human factors affecting low population density | political=unstable countries as people migrate e.g. Afganistan social=groups of people prefer to be isolated economic=limited job opportunities e.g. Amazon Forest |
| what does the word poverty mean | where peoples basic needs for food, clothing and shelter are not being met state of being extremely poor |
| what are basic needs | most important things = food, clothing, shelter |
| define population | a collection of people or organisms of a particular species living in a given geographic area usually measured by a census |
| define population distribution | the pattern of where people live |
| sparsely means dense and sparse | few densely populated= Europe sparsely populated=Antarctica |
| average population density | worked out by dividing the number of people in a province into the square km's of a province eg: Mapumalanga = 79490 km/2 3 700 000 people live there 3 700 00 ___________ 79 490 = 46.5 people per km/2 |
| remember the size of a place/province does not have anything to do with how many people live there | this is population density |
| how many people in the world | 7 billion |
| how many people in SA | nearly 52 million |
| urban rural | an area with many buildings and roads e.g. towns and cities the countryside = many farms and villages grow crops keep animals work in shops/schools/clinics |
| why people move from rural areas to towns/cities and urban areas | tired of being poor farmers - farmers depend on weather for their crops and if there is a drought or floods their drops can be ruined a person may need to attend a high school or college in the city if they are ill they need to live near a hospital families want an electrified house, toilet and clean water no jobs where they live jobs on the mines where they can earn money to send home to their families |
| subsistence farmer | someone who grows enough food to feed himself and his family |
| define equator | line on a map or globe that divides the earth into North and South |
| Planet Earth is divided into two halves called . 1.Latitudes 2.Longitudes 3.Hemispheres 4.Semi-cirlces | 3. hemispheres |
| define Greenwich meridian | line on a map or globe that goes from North pole to South pole and passes through town of Greenwich in England |
| Which imaginary line is midway between the North and South Poles? 1.Tropic of Cancer 2.Equator 3.Arctic Circle 4.Tropic of Capricorn | 2. equator |
| The Prime Meridian is located at what degrees? 1. 50 Degrees 2. 25 Degrees 3. 5 Degrees 4. 0 Degrees | 4. 0 degrees |
| latitude | position of a place between the equator and the North pole or the South pole lines run HORIZONTALLY |
| The divides the earth into eastern and western hemisphere The divides the earth into northern and southern hemisphere | prime meridian equator |
| longitude | position of a place East or West from the Greenwich meridian lines run VERTICAL measured in degrees |
| What lines in the grid are east-west? 1.longitude 2.prime meridian 3.meridians 4.latitude | 4. latitude |
| important lines to remember | 90°N (North Pole) 66,5°N (Arctic Circle) 23,5°N (Tropic of Cancer) 0° (Equator) 23,5°S (Tropic of Capricorn) 66,5°S (Antarctic Circle) 90°S (South Pole) |
| hemisphere | half of a spare/round shape e.g. Earth Northern Southern Eastern Western every place on Earth is situated in two hemispheres at the same time e.g. South Africa - Southern and Eastern |
| co-ordinates | lines of latitude and longitude are like grid references they give an exact point=given in co-ordinates South Africa 29°S 24°E |
| The latitude and longitude numbers that tell the address of a place on the map are called 1. grids 2. relative locations 3. parallels 4. co-ordinates | 4. co-ordinates |
| a) are imaginary lines running vertically from the b) to the c) | a) meridians b)North Pole c) South Pole |
| What is the unit of measure in which latitude and longitude is expressed? 1. kilometers 2. miles 3. tons 4. degrees | 4. degrees |
| scale | the distances on the map compared to the distances on the ground |
| line scale word scale | line scale shows distances on the map and what these are on the ground word scale explains these in words |
| changes in society 900AD and 1300AD | first millennium - 1000years African farmers settled in small villages over souther Africa each village 100 people group of villages sometimes we part of a larger group ruled by a chief social hierarchy=old people more important than younger people men more power than women subsistence farmers Late iron Age kept sheep cattle goats grew crops melons, sorghum, millet produced iron for weapons, tools and ornaments |
| 900AD- 1300AD | farming communities became more complex bigger and more organized way they were ruled more complicated |
| K2 and Schroda | archeological sites settlements before Mapungupwe Mapungupwe began 800 years ago farmers settled at K2 & Schroda 900Ad traders wanted ivory lots of elephants men hunted wild elephants and exchanged ivory for glass beads from East TRADE changed way societies at K2 and Schroda were organized began to import and export farmers moved to Mapungupwe |
| Archeologists | people who look for objects left behind by people who lived in the past |
| millenium | one thousand years |
| gender | people are either male or female men and women have different roles in society= called gender roles |
| complex societies | groups of people who live together have different roles rulers have more power over others |
| hierarchy | a system where some people are more important and have more power than others |
| social relationships | the way people in society live together |
| first millennium | year 1 to 1000 AD |
| first millennium and African farmers | had settled in small villages over parts of Souther Africa each village had a few hundred people DID NOT depend on other villages sometimes a group of villages formed part of a larger village rules by a chief some people more important than others SOCIAL HIERARCHY based on gender - men had more power than women, age - older more power than younger villages were SUBSISTENCE farmers sometimes called LAte iron Age farmers kept goats, cattle,sheep grew melons, sorghun, millet produced iron for tools, weapons and ornaments |
| give three words to describe how societies began to change over time | complex - societies became more complicated hierarchy - social hierarchy based on age and gender iron - tools, weapons and ornaments - the iron age |
| K2 and Shroda | farming communities before Mapungupwe Mapungupwe began 800 years ago |
| artefacts | things that people made |
| K2, Shroda and Mapungupwe | way of life = no writing so history was passed down from generation to generation orally through stories archeologists study how people live in the past look for building remains, artifacts, skeletons all tell a story of how people lived at a certain time |
| Mapungupwe | complex society present day Limpopo Province about 800 years ago Large kingdom political hierarchy trade network over what is today Botswana, Zimbabwe, parts of Mozambique and South Africa trade links across Indian Ocean to Middle East and India |
| Mapungupwe 1220-1300 | first state in Southern Africa chief was a KING king lived at the top of Mapungupwe Hill lived with members of his family and a few other important people other people lived at the bottom of the hill 1st time leaders lived apart from the ordinary people king showed his power by living on top of the hill was believed the king communicated with his ancestors on behalf of the people called SACRED LEADERSHIP living on top of the hill brought king closer to ancestors king in charge of important ceremonies - e.g. rain making first stone walls built at top of hill formed part of the kings palace walls kept the king hidden from the people he ruled over Mapungupwe Hill was a sacred/holy place no ordinary people allowed to climb soldiers guarded the stairways |
| Mapungupwe 1220-1300 | 5000 people lived at Mapungupwe FIRST African farming town in Southern Africa largest African farming settlement of the time had distinct (very clear) social classes = king and family at top of hill and ordinary people at the bottom of the hill |
| symbols of royal power and political leadership | gold NOT mined at Mapungupwe - brought from further north gold was scarce (hard to find) gold very valuable as hard to find, did not rust and lasts forever gold was a status symbol ( sign of someones importance) Kings and royal family were buried at top of the hill with golden objects |
| Golden Rhinoceros | made of sheets of thinly beaten gold leaf pinned with tacks onto a carved wooden base rhino a symbol of leadership because it is fierce and likes to be left alone horn of the rhino symbolizes the role of the leader as the protector of his people |
| Sceptre | sceptre is a staff carried by the king as a symbol of authority beaten gold attached to a wooden core - shows the skill of the craftsmen |
| trade across Africa | after 700AD Muslim Arabs followed new religion of Islam and began to settle on the coastal towns of eastern Africa set up homes and married African women and had children many Africans converted to Islam language on east coast soon changed - African and Arab languages mixed together to form Swahilli = people living along the coast Swahilli way of life= mix of Arab and African culture, customs and languages |
| Trade across Africa | Swahillimerchants traded with farmers from Mapungupwe farmers brought ivory and gold rhino horn and tortoise shells which Swahilli traders wanted Swahilli traders then traded with Arab merchants who sailed from the East in ships called dhows Arab traders traded glassware, beads, cloth and carpets Mapungupwe became connected to other parts of the world by trade = beginning of globalization |
| globalisation | trade on a worldwide scale |
| trading | large groups of men from Mapungupwe walked to the coast and back again used stars to guide them, were excellent trackers, carried goods they wanted to exchange - ivory, animal skins, gold, rhino horn hid the gold in porcupine quills to disguise it in case they were attacked by thieves |
| Great Zimbabwe & Mapungupwe buildings | Great Zimbabwe -walls built on hill -large huts of slopes of hill -smaller huts built closer together in the valley Mapungupwe -stone walled palace - first stone walls on top of hill large huts built on slopes of hill smaller huts built closer together in valley below |
| Great Zimbabwe & Mapungupwe trade | Great Zimbabwe - traded goods such as - gold, iron and ivory for glass, cloth, glazed pottery with Arab traders on Swahilli coast Mapungupwe -traded goods with Swahilli merchants -goods traded by African farmers were gold, ivory, rhino horn and tortoise shells -exchanged these for beads, cloth, carpets and glassware with Arab merchants from the East |
| Great Zimbabwe & Mapungupwe social hierarchy | Great Zimbabwe King, members of his family and other important people lived at the top of the hill separated from the ordinary people below Mapungupwe -King, members of his family and other important people (more power) lived at the top of the hill separated from the ordinary people below -Mapungupwe Hill was a sacred/holy place |
| Great Zimbabwe & Mapungupwe ancestors | Great Zimbabwe -people of Great Zimbabwe believed that birds carried messages to and from ancestors -leaders were believed to be like crocodiles - they did not fear their enemies, lived for many years and communicated with the ancestors Mapungupwe -King communicated with ancestors on behalf of the people = sacred leadership -King was in charge of important ceremonies and rituals |
| Artefacts found at Mapungupwe | Iron hoe glass bead bracelet/beads golden rhino golden scepter cowrie shells clay pots golden bowl iron arrow heads clay figures |
| Mapungupwe artefact Iron hoe | tool made and used iron tools for farming |
| Mapungupwe artefact Chinese tea pot | household object symbol of stays which shows evidence of trade with China |
| Mapungupwe artefact stone game (Mancala) | people had time to play games |
| Mapungupwe artefact gold bracelet | luxury goods gold was mined skilled craftsmen worked with gold to make items |
| Mapungupwe artefact clay pots | household object evidence of everyday life |
| Mapungupwe artefact glass beads | luxury goods staus symbol evidence of trade and skilled craftsmen |
| Mapungupwe artefact cowrie shells | personal decoration evidence of both skilled craftsmen and trade |
| Mapungupwe artefacts gold rhino and sceptre | luxury goods symbol of power demonstrating a powerful leader |
| Mapungupwe artefacts golden bowl | ceremonial symbol of a powerful leader |
| Mapungupwe artefacts spindle whorls | evidence of cotton being grown weaving, cloth making skilled craftsmen |
| Mapungupwe artefacts iron arrow heads | people hunted for food and traded |
| complete the following | high walls = enclosure fierce symbol of leadership = rhino Arabs brought which religion to Africa = Islam a state that developed between 1280 and 1450= Great Zimbabwe Spirits of people who have died = ancestors Mapungupwe is found here = Limpopo Arab traders exchanged this good = cloth gold was hidden in these animals quills = porcupine |
| complete the following: | language and culture of people living on East coast = Swahilli Arab traders sailed across the Indian ocean in these boats= dhows trade on a worldwide scale = globalization trade between Africa and Asia= mix of African and Arab cultures who lived at the top of Mapungupwe Hill = king religious ceremonies= rituals a highly organized political system = state |
| What is the main reason for the world's increased urbanization? 1. People move to cities to find jobs 2. Refugees flee to cities to escape persecution 3. Immigrants move to the countryside to avoid famine 4. People move to the countryside to farm large plots of land | 1. people move to cities to find jobs |
| What important process led to a food surplus and an end to hunting, gathering, and migration? 1. Irrigation 2. Agriculture 3. Bronze toolmaking 4. Wheeled cart creation | 2. Agriculture |
| Rural means city and urban means small town (or farms) 1. True 2. False | 2. False |
| The abbreviation BC stands for 1. Before comon era 2. Before Christ 3. Before Chickens | 2. before Christ |
| a) is a tool that helps the user know what direction one is headed. | a)compass |
| The Great Zimbabwe King and a) lived in the b) and the common people lived in the large town at the c) . | a) his priests b)high city c)bottom of the hill |
| Zimbabwe means 'place with stone walls where a chief lives'. 1. True 2. False | 1. True |
| How are oral traditions important to learning? 1. They teach people how to speak clearly 2. They trasmit history and culture 3. They show that learning can be fun 4. They teach respect for storytellers | 2. they transmit history and culture |
| Great Zimbabwe was built in about a) and became a powerful Kingdom between b) and c) . | a)1300 b)1350 c)1450 |
| An archeologist is most likely to 1. collect oral histories and stories 2. share in the daily life of people being studied 3. learn a local language 4. use artifacts to reconstruct past cultures | 4. use artifacts to reconstruct past cultures |
| The Great Zimbabwe rulers took over control of the trade between Mapungubwe and the coast. 1. True 2. False | 1.True |
| At the same time that the Kingdom of Mapungubwe ended around 1270AD, a new greater town was built to the a) . This new town was known as b) . Today the capital of this southern African Kingdom is known as c) . | a)north b)Great Zimbabwe c) Zimbabwe |
| What do the Shona people believe about the spirits of their ancestors? | The Shona people believe that their ancestors spirits can soar like birds between our world and the spirit world. |
| Why is it important to study ancient civilizations? | It is important to study ancient civilizations so we can see the connections between the past and present and learn how people from different time periods and different parts of world lived. |
| History of medicine | stone age = plants for healing= first example of indigenous medicine also carried out operation called TREPANNING - making a hole in a persons skull for people with headaches or mental disorders believed hole in skull allowed bad spirits to escape some skulls up to 20 000 years old |
| medicine in ancient Egypt | founders of scientific medicine developed procedures for dealing with sick people had a good knowledge of human body they were wealthy and could spend time developing medical skills observed how blockages in a river caused problems with irrigation and believed bidy worked the same way were familiar with internal organs of the body because of mummification performed operations to remove tumours because of developing writing they could record their cures used a mixture of magic and medicine IMHOTEP famous Egyptian doctor 2600BC= first physician known by name |
| medicine in ancient India | Indian system of medicine called Ayurveda date back to 14AD still practiced today mixture of religion and healing Indian doctors used more than 120 different steel instruments first doctors to do plastic surgery |
| Ancient Chinese medicine | bagan in China in 2800BC concentrated on outside of the body and thought it wrong to cut open the body did not include surgery acupuncture, massage treatments still used today chi (energy) flows along channels and needs to be unblocked acupuncture - special needles inserted into special points in the body to balance energy and unblock it natural forces called yin and yang which have to be in perfect balance |
| Ancient Greece and father of Western medicine | Greeks learnt from Egyptians about plant medicines HIPPOCRATES - 14AD - started several medical schools wrote about 60 books 1st doctor to realize diseases not caused by gods people became ill due to natural causes because of a weakness in their bodies Hippocrates believed rest, exercise, massage, salt baths, healthy foods believed in :diagnose then make a prognosis, then observe, then treat most famous for hippocratic oath - promise doctors make to use their knowledge only for healing and helping people |
| Roman influence | Romans made huge advances in public health from 300BC on knew diseases were linked to dirty water and human waste built pipes and aqueducts to transport clean water=aquaducts (14) |
| medicine in ancient Rome | Galen discovered that the human body had a system of arteries which carry the blood romans tried to control the spread of diseases with good hygiene, clean running water, sewerage system and rubbish removal |
| early medicine in Europe | medicine still practiced with magic, astrology and witchcraft health looked at as a gift from God and disease as a punishment for sine |
| medicine in modern times | 1500's modern medicine saw more patients surviving illness and injury idea of quarantine helped stop spread of disease bodies dissected to find out how muscles worked James Lind discovered scurvy (disease men caught on boats) was linked to vitamin C deficiency - lime juice suggested as a cure |
| medical pioneers | Edward Jenner 1796 discovered medical procedure called inoculation injected a boy with cowpox which gave him resistance to smallpox |
| medical pioneers | Louis Pasteur 1800's developed process called pasteurization discovered that bacteria caused infections when operations were carried out proved that disease was spread through air or in water by germs |
| medical pioneers | Humphrey Davy discovered nitrous oxide (laughinggas)= takes away a patients pain 1846 - patient given an ANAESTHETIC during an operation |
| Josheph Lister 1856 | makes surgery safer using carbolic acid to sterilize surgical instruments, patients skin and surgeons hands acid killed germs which caused the infections so fewer people died after surgery |
| Wilhelm Rontgen 1895 | German physicist discovers Rontgen rays or X-rays allowing doctors to see inside a living body |
| Alexander Fleming 1928 | noticed mould growing on the special food where he was growing germs mould killed the germs this mould was called penicillin - an antibiotic that has been called the greatest medical discovery so far |
| James Watson and Francis Crick 1953 | the structure of our genetic code DNA is discovered |
| John Gibbon 1953 | invents heart lung machine |
| Dr. Chris Barnard 1967 | first heart transplant 4 December 1967 patient Louis Washkansky lived for 18 days died of a lung infection young woman Denise Darvall killed in a car accident - her father gave Dr Barnard permission to uyse her heart to try and save Mr Washkansky |
| more modern developments | 1970-1980 canning the brain 3-D image makes diagnosing and treating brain disorders easier 1980-1990 microsurgery means that parts of the body too small to see can be treated 1990's ultrasound gives doctors another safer tool to look inside the body |
| indigenous medicine | using plants for treating illness is oldest form of medicine traditional healing and homeopathy are other kinds |
| Homeopathy founded by Samuel Hahnemann 200 years ago | use of remedies from plant, animal or mineral substances |
| indigenous healing plants | in SA 3000 types 500 used often by traditional healers buchu - used to cure stomach aches aloe and african potato |
| San Healing Dance | hunter-gathers in SA had a special healing dance women sang and clapped shamans or healers went into a trance while dancing which they believed made them able too communicate with God and the world of the spirits healing the sick and getting rid of evil is an important part of the San religion |
| traditional healing | many traditional cultures believe that illness is caused by disturbed relationships between people traditional healers work with both the mind and body to heal a person traditional healers are believed to be born with a gift for healing and ancestors call on them to use their gift more than 200 000 traditional healers in SA today |
| traditional healers | sangomas - called in their dreams by the ancestors to heal sick people are trained by experienced sangomas and are often visited by ancestors in dreams and visions to help them heal and see the future |
| traditional healers | 'nyangas are herbalists who use indigenous plants including herbs, bulbs, leaves etc to heal people either attend special colleges or are trained by other herbalists |
| traditional healers | sometimes healers dance and play drums to get information from a patient traditional healers use herbs to make medicines healer collects diving bones as gifts from patients - each bone represents a part of the patients life the healer throws the bones to get answers about the patients problems the healer smokes a ceremonial pipe to get into a trance state and make contact with the ancestors necklaces, headdresses and other ceremonial clothes are a sign of how good the healer is |
| Humans are considered part of the earth's 1. atmosphere 2. hydrosphere 3. biosphere 4. lithosphere | 3. biosphere |
| Which of the following is an example of a renewable resource? 1. soil 2. coal 3. oil 4. natural gas | 1. soil |
| 22. A guide telling you what each symbol represents is called: 1. Map Key 2. Meridian 3. Parallel Lines 4. Continent | 1. map key |
| Hydro power utilizes to generate electricity. 1. nuclear reactions 2. water 3. hydrogen 4. fossil fuel | 2. water |
| lines of latitude | Lines of latitude A few important facts: The best-known one is the equator (0° line of latitude). • The tropics are at 232°. • The pole circles are at 663°. • The poles are at 90° (actually a point and not a line). • All lines of latitude run parallel to one another. • Lines of latitude indicate the northern and southern hemispheres. • When the location of a place is indicated, latitude is mentioned first. The latitude of a place is a good indication of its climate. You know that places near the equator (0°) are normally very hot. You also know that places near the poles (90°) are very cold. |
| What is a countryside area called? 1.urban 2.suburban 3.rural 4.social hierarchy | 3. rural |
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