917950
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Flashcards by Alannah Mendoza, updated more than 1 year ago
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Created by Alannah Mendoza
almost 10 years ago
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| Question | Answer |
| -do not posses ducts or any openings to the exterior but rather secrete externally | endocrine glands |
| -endocrine glands secretions -are chemical substances that pass into the bloodstream and are carried to the various tissues of the body, on which they exert their action- altering the function or activity of that target organ | hormones |
| The endocrine glands, mammary glands, and growth of the body's skeletal system are under the control of the ______ ______ of the ____ ____, sometimes called the "master gland" | anterior lobe pituitary gland |
| - a small gland located at the base of the brain, secretes regulating hormones that control the action of other endocrine glands of the body | anterior lobe of the pituitary gland |
| -regulating hormones | tropic hormones |
| -is composed of 2 lobes located on either side of the larynx | thyroid gland |
| -also known as thyroid-stimulating hormone -from the anterior pituitary stimulates the thyroid gland to secret the thyroid hormones | thyrotropic hormone |
| -thyroid hormones -affect the metabolism, growth, and development of the body | thyroxine/ triiodothyronine |
| -refers to reduced activity of the thyroid gland | hypothyroidism |
| -develops whenever the thyroid gland fails to function properly during the formative years of a child's developement | cretinism |
| -severe and prolonged hypothyroidism in an adult -characterized by a gradual slowing of mental and physical functions | myxedema |
| - overactivity of the thyroid, is characterized by an enlargement of the thyroid gland, protruding eyes, elevation of the basal metabolic rate, disturbance of carbohydrate metabolism, nervousness, and hyperactivity | hyperthyroidism |
| -also known as chronic lymphocytic thyroiditis, is caused by an autoimmune process -the serum of these patients contains antibodies to one or more of the thyroid antigens, and it is presumed that the destruction of the thyroid is caused by the antigen-antibody process | hashimoto's disease |
| - is the term applied to an enlarged thyroid gland -increase in size may be caused by hyperthyroidism, or it may be caused by hypothyroidism, the growth resulting from a body "reflex" to compensate for the inefficiency of the gland | goiter |
| -drugs are either natural or synthetic preparations containing hormones that are naturally produced in the thyroid gland | thyroid |
| -products permit a greater accuracy and predictability when treating thyroid dysfunction | synthetic |
| -is cleaned and dried thyroid gland, obtained primarily from hogs -may be used in varied dosages as necessary to attain thyroid function in the normal range -partial hypothyroidism requires small doses | thyroid |
| -antithyroid agents -inhibits the synthesis of thyroid hormones by preventing the incorporation of iodine into the hormone -used for palliative treatment of hyperthyroidism and preoperatively before surgical and radiation procedures | methimazole |
| -antithyroid agents -interferes with the incorporation of iodine into the thyroid hormone molecule -used both for suppression of the thyroid gland before surgical procedures and for medical suppression | propylthiouracil |
| - 4 -usually located at the poles of the thyroid gland -are responsible for bone metabolism and for the regulation of calcium between the blood and bone | parathyroid glands |
| -increased activity in the parathyroid gland -causes too much calcium to move away from the bones, giving a moth-eaten appearance to the bones on the x-ray | hyperparathyroidism |
| -is a biosynthetic peptide fragment of human parathyroid hormone -used to treat osteoporosis in men and women -should be used in caution who have renal calculi -orthostatic hypotension reported | teriparatide |
| -located directly above the kidneys and are composed of 2 parts: the cortex and medulla | adrenal glands |
| parathyroid glands: -the medullary portion secretes ________ and __________ | epinephrine / norepinephrine |
| some hormones secreted by the _______ _______ are cortisone, hydrocortisone, aldosterone, and deoxycorticosterone. | adrenal cortex |
| - the most important functions of these hormones in the body are regulation of water and salt mechanism, regulation of carbohydrate metabolism, and production of anti-inflammatory effects | hormones secreted by the adrenal cortex |
| -is a destructive disease of the adrenal cortex in humans -may be treated by administering deoxycorticosterone along with a diet high in sodium and low in potassium | Addison's disease |
| - are potent anti-inflammatory drugs -when irritation or inflammation is present anywhere in the body, there is an increase in the production of these hormones by the adrenal cortex -useful in the suppression of the symptoms of rheumatoid arthritis, bursitis , and various types of skin diseases | cortisone and hydrocortisone |
| -adrenocorticoid agent -used for the management of mild to moderate Crohn's disease -has topical anti-inflammatory and immunosuppressant effects | budesonide (entocort) |
| clusters of cells known as the islets of Langerhans are found on the pancreas and are the sources of the hormone know as _________ | insulin |
| -serves 3 purposes: it aids in the use of glucose energy, it stores excess glucose as glycogen in the liver, and it is responsible for the conversion of glucose to fat | insulin |
| dose of insulin is determined by 4 factors: | -the weight of the patient -the metabolic rate -physical activity -any residual function of the pancreas |
| -this biosynthetic insulin can be prepared in various forms to lower blood glucose rapidly or over a long period of time -is structurally identical to the insulin produced by the human body | human insulin |
| -this product consists of zinc-insulin crystals that are dissolved in a clear fluid -takes effect rapidly and generally lasts 4-6 hrs -given subcut and IV -is the only insulin that may be given IV -100 units | human insulin injection regular Humulin R, Novolin R |
| -also known as isophane insulin, or NPH, this is an intermediate-acting insulin containing a suspension of zinc-insulin crystals and protamine sulfate -onset action is within 1 1/2 hrs, peak activity is 4-12 hrs, and the duration is 24hrs -given subcut only -100 units | human insulin injection isophane Humulin N, Novolin N |
| -this intermediate-acting product is a mixture of crystalline and amorphous insulin in a ratio of 7:3 -onset of action is within 2 1/2 hrs, peak 7-15hrs, duration 24hrs -given only subcut | lente human insulin zinc injection Humulin L, Novolin L |
| -this long-acting insulin is a crystalline suspension of human insulin with zinc that provides a slower onset of action and longer duration -onset-4-8hrs, peak- 12-18 hrs, duration 28hrs -subcut only | ultralente human insulin injection Humulin U |
| -this biosynthetic agent is a long-acting human insulin analog -administered once daily at the same time of day using a regular insulin syringe or the Optipen -onset- 4hrs, peak -steady, duration- 24hrs | insulin glargine Lantus |
| -this analog of human insulin has undergone a slight change from the human insulin molecule -slightly more rapid onset of action when given subcut or IV -is interchangeable with regular insulin -onset- 30min-1 hr, peak-2-3hrs, duration 4-8 hrs | insulin lispro Humalog |
| -this product is a combination of 50% regular and 50% isophane insulin | Humulin 50/50 |
| -these products have combinations of 70% isophane and 30% regular insulin | Humulin 70/30 and Novolin 70/30 |
| -continuous subcutaneous insulin infusion, is designed to stimulate normal pancreatic beta-cell function and deliver both basal and bolus insulin doses in patients with type 1 diabetes -adverse effect hypoglycemia, hypoglycemic unawareness | insulin pump therapy |
| -oral hypoglycemic agent -inhibits the enzymes known as the alpha-glucosidase enzymes, that break-down complex carbohydrates into glucose and other monosaccharides -results in delayed carbohydrate break-down, delayed glucose absorption, and a resultant in postprandial hyperglycemia | acarbose precose |
| -potent oral hypoglycemic, is not a routine insulin substitute -acts on the pancreatic cells to cause them to release residual insulin -use of this agent is uncomplicated diabetes of the stable, mild , or moderately severe maturity -onset or adult type(type 2) | chlorpropamide diabinese |
| -oral hypoglycemic agent -is ineffective in the absence of some endogenous insulin -believed to improve sensitivity to insulin at the receptor sites | metformin hydrochloride Glucophage |
| -the gonadotropic hormones from the anterior pituitary | follicle-stimulating hormone FSH luteinizing hormone LH |
| - a hormone that prepares the uterus for the reception of the ovum -responsible for the uterine changes characteristic of the first half of the menstrual cycle; the development of the placenta; the maturation of the mammary glands during pregnancy; the multiplication of the uterine muscle fibers;and inhibition of uterine contraction | progesterone |
| - is a generic term referring to natural and synthetic agents that exert the biologic effect of estradiol | estrogen |
| - is used to treat conditions such as sexual infantilism and senile vaginitis and in perimenopausal women to provide smooth transition during perimenopause | estrogen |
| - oral, transdermal, or topical -is used for the management of vasomotor symptoms associated with menopause and for vaginal atrophy | estradiol |
| -replacement therapy has been used for the treatment of menopausal symptoms and urogenital dryness and the prevention and treatment of osteoporosis -studies have shown increase in breast cancer, stroke, and cardiovascular complications with the use of replacement therapy | estrogen |
| -is an estrogen agonist-antagonist -used as an alternative to cyclic estrogen/ progesterone treatment in postmenopausal women -believed that this agent has a lower incidence of breast cancer as a side effect than the cyclic estrogen replacement | raloxifene hydrochloride evista |
| -or natural hormone therapy -refers to the use of hormones that are identical to endogenous hormones in the body | bioidentical hormone replacement therapy |
| -are agents that prevent pregnancy by virtue of their estrogen content -estrogens act to prevent ovulation by suppressing the release of FSH from the anterior pituitary gland -side effects- breast changes, loss of scalp hair, dermatoses, headache, nervousness, thromboembolic disorders, and emotional instability -become less effective in preventing ovulation when the patient is taking antibiotics | oral contraceptives |
| -levonorgestrel plus ethinyl estardiol (Seasonale) -levonorgestrel plus ethinyl estrdiol ( Triphasil) | oral contraceptives |
| -immediate use of an _______ ______ agent reduces a woman's risk of pregnancy to 1% - 2% -should be taken within 72 hrs o unprotected intercourse | emergency contraception |
| -is a synthetic, nonsteroidal compound that may be administered orally to promote ovulation in women have been anovulatory -act by promoting the release of pituitary gonadotropins, which promote ovulation -side effects- blurred vision, nausea, vomiting, breast engorgement, headache, dizziness, and skin reactions | clomiphene citrate Clomid |
| -uterine stimulants | oxytocic agents |
| -stimulates the uterine muscles and produces rhythmic contractions -overdose may produce uterine tetany | oxytocin injection |
| -male hormone -is responsible for normal development of the male reproductive tract and maintains the secondary sex characteristics -may be used therapeutically when a deficiency of the hormone is known, in females to treat certain ovarian dysfunction, and in females to treat breast engorgement and supress lactation | testosterone |
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