9543373
Description
Flashcards by Kristina Redd, updated more than 1 year ago
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Created by Kristina Redd
almost 7 years ago
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| Question | Answer |
| How does the base (attached surface of the breast extend) vertically and transversally? | Vertically from ribs 2~6 Transversally from sternum into axilla laterally |
| What is the lateral extension of the base of the breast? | axillary process or tail (Tail of Spence) |
| Where is the nipple of the breast located? | 4th intercostal space |
| What types of tissues are found in the breast and associated skin? | glandular tissue (mammary glands) adipose tissue (fat) connective tissue septa |
| Where do the ducts of the glandular tissue open and lie? | open on the nipple, which lies at the center of the pigmented region (areola) |
| The pigmented region of the breast is called? | areola |
| What marks the openings of sebaceous glands (areolar glands) on the surface of the areola? | numerous small protuberances |
| How many lobes of glandular tissue are in each lactiferous duct? | 10-20 individual lobes |
| What surrounds the glands and lactiferous ducts and are also rich in blood supply and innervation? | firm fibro-fatty tissues |
| What dilated segment opens on the nipple by the lactiferous duct? | lactiferous sinus |
| What specific muscles do the breasts lie on? | deep fascia of the pectoralis major and serratus anterior |
| What is the retromammary space? | A layer of loose connective tissue that separates the breast from underlying deep fascia and allows movement |
| Breast tumors that invade this space and attach to the underlying muscle(s), causing the breast to deviate in another direction, can indicate a more advanced carcinoma. | retromammary space |
| What are suspensory ligaments, or ligaments of Cooper? | overlying dermis of dense connective tissue septa where mammary glands firmly attach |
| What are the three sources of neurovascular supply to the breast? | Medial mammary branches from the internal thoracic artery (a branch of the subclavian) Lateral thoracic and thoracoacromial branches from the axillary artery Posterior intercostal arteries from the aorta |
| Where do veins draining the breast drain into? | the axillary, internal thoracic, and intercostal veins |
| Where do ~75% of lymph vessels drain laterally and superiorly into? | axillary nodes within the axilla |
| Where does ~25% of lymph flow from the medial portion of the breast? | flows into the parasternal lymph nodes or to the opposite breast (contralateral breast) |
| Where does lymph from the inferior portions of the breast drain? | subdiaphragmatic or abdominal nodes |
| What are the 5 groups that 20-30 axillary lymph nodes are divided into? | 1. Pectoral (anterior) nodes 2. Humeral (lateral) nodes 3. Subscapular (posterior) nodes 4. Central nodes 5. Apical nodes |
| Where does lymph from the apical nodes flow to empty into the venous system? | into the right lymphatic duct (right side) or thoracic duct (left side) |
| What is the function of the pectoral (anterior) nodes? | receive MAJORITY of lymph from breast tissue |
| What is the function of the humeral (lateral) nodes? | receive majority of lymph from upper limb |
| What is the function of the subscapular (posterior) nodes? | receive lymph from the back and shoulder |
| Where are the central nodes located? | embedded with the axillary fat (first goes into pectoral) |
| What is the function of the apical nodes? | receive lymph from ALL other axillary groups |
| Tumor growth can block small superficial lymphatic channels resulting in these two complications. | edema (excess subcutaneous fluid) & prominent hypertrophic (thickened) skin changes |
| What is the name of a prominent hypertrophic (thickened) skin changes that produces an orange-peel appearance? | peau d'orange |
| What results in tumor growth pulling on and contracting the connective tissue ligaments (suspensory) of the breast? | deviation of the nipple and dimpling of the breast tissue |
| What is an uncommon, yet severe, complication of a mastectomy? | damage to the long thoracic nerve due to its medial position within the axilla |
| After damage to the long thoracic nerve due to a mastectomy, what results? | paralysis or paresis of the serratus anterior muscle producing a “winged-scapula” |
| Due to interruption of the lymphatic vessels/nodes within the axilla, mastectomy procedures often produce what? What condition does it lead to? | Produce chronic lymph leading to edema in the associated limb |
| The internal thoracic artery is a branch of what major artery? | Subclavian Artery |
| Lymph, derived from the apical node, from the right breast goes into the ___ ____ ____ . | right lymphatic duct |
| Lymph, derived from the apical node, from the left breast goes into the ___ ____ ____. | left thoracic duct |
| What is the path of lymph drainage and a path that is often checked to see if cancer has occurred? | pectoral --> apical --> central --> venous sytem |
| What is a common post-mastectomy plan of action to avoid issues of lymph draining? | wearing tight sleeves/compression garments on a particular side because lymph can't get out |
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