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| Question | Answer |
| BIOLOGY- RAIN a multi- factorial approach to understanding antisocial and aggressive behavior in children with a biological focus. review article of studies on neurological, nuropsychological and brain imaging studies. low resting heart rate a predictor of individual with a fearless temprement seeking excitement to raise arousal levels. Blakemore and choudhurys study sugests adolencent brain still forming final connections in pre frontal lobe till twenties. pre frontal cativity lower in impulsive aggresive antisocial individuals= why offending peaks in adolecence. pre frontal lobe damaged by malnutrition, drinking and smoking during pregnancy, poor parenting, physical abuse. | CONCLUSION-APPLICATION early intervention may therefore be effective to prevent damage to ore frontal lobe e.g the government program sure start. wont effect crime like fraud. believes biological conditions switched on by environmental conditions. can be used to prevent people with brain ysfunctions reciving arguable undeserved punishment as it was not their fault their brain is bad.Recently on of a man named wienstien who murdered his wife Rain presented brain scans showing a cyst in the frontal cortex of wienstiens brain explaining his cognitive abilitys had been compromised. sentence thus reduced. |
| BIOLOGY- BRUNNER five males with boarderline mental retardation (agression, attempted rape, exhibitionisem, arson). urin samples over a 24 hour period analyed - found defficit of the enzime MAOM which ressulted in impaired seratonin (a nurotransmitter which plays an important role in regulating anger and agression.) metabolisem. likley to be responsable for beahviour and retardation. | CONCLUSION- APPLICATION defficit of MAOM associated with recognisable behavioural phenotype, accounting for their inability to regulate aggression. but some suffering this retardation dont act agressivly so must be other factors.can be used to prevent people with brain ysfunctions reciving arguable undeserved punishment as it was not their fault their brain is bad.Recently on of a man named wienstien who murdered his wife Rain presented brain scans showing a cyst in the frontal cortex of wienstiens brain explaining his cognitive abilitys had been compromised. sentence thus reduced. |
| UPBRINGING-WILKSTROM almost 2000 14-15 year olds. interview and data collection used. high frequency offenders tended to commit a wider range of crimes. 44.8% of men and 30.6% of women committed at least one of the studied crimes in the year of the study. offenders more likely to be victims particularly violent offenders for violence. offenders on drugs more often. factors which may predispose offending; family/ social position, individual disposition, social situation, life style and routine activity, community context. lifestyle and individual characteristics had most effect on involvement in crime. more individual risk factors- weak fam and school bonds,weak morality, poor self control, poor parental monitoring and truancy- more likely to offend. lower class not a risk factor but = more risk factors. | CONCLUSION- APPLICATION 3 types of offender- propensity induced, situationally limited- their situation is high in risk factors and life style dependent offend when life style exposes them to situational risks, little to suggest serious crime issue. Most disadvantaged 5% are 100x more likely to have multiple problems(conduct and mood disorders) than most advantaged 5%. shows the effect disadvantage can have and therefore offers a way to prevent crime through reducing disadvantage. |
| BIOLOGICAL- DALY AND WILSON do homocide rates vary with local life expectancy. correlation using survey data from census and school and police records. areas of chicargo with lower than average life expectancy - 54.3- 77.4. stongest negative correlation between Life expectancy and murder rates which ranged from 1.3 to 156 per 100,000 per anum. negative correlation also between life expectancy and absenteeisem from school. median age of new mothers 22.6 in ten areas with shortest life expectancy, 27.3 with longest life expectancy. | suggested that the dont expect to live ed so long so escelated risk taking for short term rewards. e.g little point investing in school- parents less strict as operating on short term horizon. belived young adults still driven be ancient adaptive traits such as risk taking and early reproduction, a rational response to the local unique circumstances they grow up in= males lead to crime. offers and alternative way to reduce offending indirectly by increasing life expectancy. |
| COGNITIVE- YOCHELSON + SAMENOW 14 years. interviews. 255 participants half NGRI's. 30 compleated it 9 genuinly changes.52 thinking patterns found inccluding constantly set self appart for others desired excitment at any cost, considered requests from techers at school imposition, super optimisem, feelings of worthlessness. freudian based talking therepy. considered cognitive errors. many could be symptoms of antisocial personality disorder considered very difficult to treat. | CONCLUSION- APPLICATION the 52 criminal thinking patterns were distinguishable traits of criminal personalitys but also displayed by others. usefull to uderstand how criminals wiegh up cost and bennefits as can be used to prevent crime. |
| COGNITION-KANNER six stages of moral development 1-punishment and obedience orrientation 2-hedonistic orientation 3-interpersonal concordance orrientation 4-law and order orientation 5- social contract of legalistic orientation stage 6- universal ethical principal orientation. 58 boys aged 7-16 from chicargo- working and middle class. 10 dilemas 2 hour individual interviews. 1969 also in uk mexico, tiwan, turky , yucatan. some followed up at three year intervls to 36. | CONCLUSION-APPLICATION cross cultural support although development slower in ledc's. thronton and ried- applyed same idea to criminals- those doing it for financial gain had lower moral development than violent criminals.- can be applied to criminality, helps determin age of criminal responsability and back up guilt in cases such as jamie bulgers murder. |
| COGNITIVE- GUDJONSSON AND BOWNS examin relationship between blame attribution and offence type in irland then cross balidat with same study in england. GABI- 42 item- used to messure attributions, mental element and guilt. 80 criminals serving sentences in n irland. 20 violence 40 sex offences and 20 property offences.sex offences = most guilt, then violence. little difference in mental element. violent highest external sex offenders lowest. violent irish prisoners showed less internal attributions, mental element and guilt and higher external. | CONCLUSION-APPLICATION strong consistency between eng and irland = offenders atribute blame similarly. difference in violent prisoners may be due to the troubles in the 1980'S-90's in n irland. shows fundement attribution errors may be the cause of criminality therfore cbt could be used to correct this whalst in ptison- rehab. irvingstudy at brighton police station found same results. |
| UPBRINGING- FARRINAGTON. 411 boys age 8-9 in 1953/4, until and possible later than 48. Interview and analysis of criminal records used. 7% of offenders caused 50% of all crimes- chronic offenders. 77% of crimes committed by offenders who started before age 16. 161 had a conviction but self report suggested 93% had committed crimes. offenses and offenders peaked age 17. 91% of those who started a criminal career 10-13 re-offended. chronic offenders were more likely to have convicted parents, young mothers, high daring, delinquent siblings, low popularity. from 32 to 48 % living successful lives on the criteria of life success increased 10%. | CONCLUSION-APPLICATION early intervention programs to reduce and tackle high risk factors such as criminality in the famil, poverty, poor education, poor child rearing could be applied. for example sure start- government program aiming to provide children with best possible start by improving early education, family support and childcare. |
| UPBRINGING- SUTHERLAND 9 principals of criminality. its learntin intimate personal groups involves normal learning mechanisms- so criminals are not abnormal. based on the two core assumptions that a crime occurs when the individual sees it as an appropriate situation to violate social norms and criminal laws and that this definition comes from past experience. | CONCLUSION- APPLICATION can explain gang crime such as the London riots mass looting due to what was described as "copy cat criminals" defining the situation as appropriate due to the learning process though personal groups. |
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