99219
Description
Flashcards by katy.lynock, updated more than 1 year ago
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Created by katy.lynock
almost 11 years ago
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| Question | Answer |
| H5N1 Avian Flu Virus 4 | Easily modifiable genome Spread rarely to humans Biosecurity - bioweapon = sci research delays, as scared that the science papers used against countries. |
| New Malarial Drug 8 | Prev. could make drug precursors Now GM yeast van make anti-malarial drug ARTEMISININ Streamlined manufacture Prev. produced by sweet wormwood plant Currently needs plant to grow for months, drying of leaves and extraction People in 3rd countries grown plants for long time for profit, major source of income for 3rd world pop. Expensive initial costs Viable long-term |
| Utilitarian Rationales for GM 5 | Protein drugs - medicinal Improvement of crops Knowledge of genes Mutant animal modes for human genetics Gene therapy in human somatic tissues |
| Crossing the Species Barrier 2 | Unnaturalness - animal telos and respecting the gene pool Deontological argument - never ever |
| Type 1 Restriction Endonucleases 5 | Cut DNA at specific nucleases Essential for genetic modification Cut DNA using T1REs = complementary sticky ends Insert foreign DNA seq. into bacterial plasmid /linear bacterial DNA Seq. propagated / cloned by selective growth |
| GM Bacteria 6 | Bacterial plasmids in 1970s Asilomar conference - limited what scientists were allowed to do NIH guidelines Introns discovered still 1970s Human protein in bacteria - 1980s Human insulin replaced 1986 |
| Expressing Human Protein-coding Genes Prokaryotic Hosts 5 | Genes cant be split by introns (introns gone already) Can express cDNA copies of mRNA Limited post-translational modification abilities Rapid growth High expression obtainable in base defined media |
| Expressing Human Protein-coding Genes Eukaryotic Genes 5 | Can process out genomic introns by RNA splicing Can express cDNA Can do post-translational modifications (PTMs) Costly - sera, media and substrate for growth Easily infected with yeast/bacteria |
| Post-Translational Modification 5 | Removal of N-terminal seq. - signals for nuclear localisation, signals for secretion by ER Formation of S-S crosslinks betw. cysteine residues Cleavage of internal peptides seq. Linking of carbohydrates by glycosylation (adding sugar residues) Phosphorylation of serine/threonine residues |
| Containment Procedures Biological Containment 3 | Host strains genetically disabled - don't have certain supplement Most host strains autotrophic Recombination deficient - can't transfer new genes to bacteria |
| Containment Procedures Physical Containment 4 | Vertical airflow Negative pressure systems All waste sterilised Probability of transfer can never be zero |
| Early Controversies of GM Microbes Probability of a Disaster 9 | GM strains crit. on safety and ecological grounds V. low probability of any disaster scenario 1. Escape, 2. Accidental ingestion, 3. Proliferation in gut (highly acidic), 4. Transfer of plasmid to intestinal flora, 5. Replication and release, 6. Disease epidemic. Prob. of one ill human being = 10-11 |
| Cloned Human Insulin 7 | Animal insulin can cause allergic reactions and hard to extract on a big scale Needs post-translational steps - remove of C chain and S-S crosslinks S-S links by chemical processing proinsulin or by A+B chains seperately Can make insulin in yeast V. quick clinical trials, adopted v. quickly :( Some patients couldn't tell when low blood sugar |
| Insulin Processing 6 | Preproinsulin - insulin mRNA translated into precursor polypeptide Pre seq. cleaved off when protein into ER Proinsulin of A and B chains are connected by a C chain Post-translational modification - enzymatic cleavage to remove C chain Formation of 2 S-S crosslinks A to B One internal S-S link in A |
| Making GM Insulin 7 | Synth. 2 seperate minigenes for A and B Fuse Beta-galactase gene in a seperate plasmid Tranform into E. coli Induce to turn on lac operon = purify A and B Remove B-gal = isolate A and B Mix A and B together and add S-S links = biologically active insulin |
| Growth Hormone (GH) 7 | Cloned human GH in E. coli hGH - cheap and high quality Uses - stimulate normal growth in congenital dwarfs Boost growth in shorter-than-average kids Boost vitality and mobility in elderly patients (side effects?) Increase musble mass and performance in atheletes |
| Bovine Growth Hormone BST/bGH 8 | Boost milk production by 20% in US Cheap and widely avaliable Fortnightly injections Saves on space/food/methane No health scares in human population Suffering - increase in incidence of mastitis and ulcers at injection site = higher vet bills BST milk = higher levels of growth promotor IGF-1 human health risk? Animals as milk production units? |
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