99944
Description
Flashcards by katy.lynock, updated more than 1 year ago
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Created by katy.lynock
almost 11 years ago
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| Question | Answer |
| Human Dignity Issues in Reproductive Cloning For the Clone 4 | Imposed identity - predetermined views Lack of freedom over life-shaping choices See yourself 20 years on Banned in most countries |
| Current Legislative Controls for Cloning 4 | For drug protein its on the go ahead Meat/milk from cloned animals no risk to humans In humans - banned Therapeutic cloning create transplant tissues via ES cell cultures - banned in US - permissible under license in UK |
| Therapeutic Cloning 3 | SCNT to make a clonal embryo from patient somatic cells Embryo clones grow to blastocysts then embryonic stem cells of ICM is removed ES cells grown in culture - directed into desired tissues |
| Therapeutic Cloning :) and :( 2 | :( Viable embryo though clone = illegal :) No risk to immune system |
| HFFA approved TC Projects 4 | Therapeutic cloning Non-fertilised eggs from IVF procedures (with consent) Inject with somatic cell nuclei = ES cell lines Inject donated egges from patients with motorneurone diseases |
| 'Success' in Human Therapeutic 9 | Hwang et al 04, Science 242 human eggs used - nucleus removed through hole Cumulous cell nucleus injected from same donor = 19 blastocyst embryos from 66 SCNT eggs Only 1 viable ES line 11 ES lines derived from patients with var. diseases ALL CLAIMS FRAUDULENT Embezzled funds Unethical methods (junior female lab workers) |
| Dissecting a Scientific Fraud 6 | Hwang previous success with dogs No success with SCNT with humans Female lab workers became ill All data fabricated for human ES lines Concealment due to authoritarian lab structure Motivation - get away with it/ pressure? |
| Other ways for therapuetic cloning 7 | SCNT - humans embryos arrest during late cleavage (abnormal transcription) Oocyte genome not removed - diploid somatic nucleus injected into egg - triploid embryos develop into blastocysts stage ICM from blastocysts ES cells in culture Diff. into tissue types Cells remain triploid - unknown potential risks |
| Clone and Egg: Probability with Supply 4 | Very inefficient Human eggs in short supply even for efficient stuff eg IVF Super-ovulation has bad side effects Black market for eggs - 3rd world women at risk |
| Ethical Concerns - Animal Cloning 2 | Safety and welfare CONSEQUENTIALIST Rights/telos DEONTOLOGICAL |
| Ethical Concerns - Human Reproductive Cloning 4 | Safety/welfare CONSEQUENTIALIST Human dignity DEONTOLOGICAL Motivational questions Costs/black markets JUSTICE |
| Ethical Concerns - Human Therapeutic Cloning 4 | Health and welfare benefits for donor CONSEQUENTIALIST Human dignity issue - DEONTOLOGICAL Key issue status of early human blastocyst - DEONTOLOGICAL Black market - JUSTICE |
| Ethical Problems 6 | :( Transgenic and cloning techniques very inefficient Both give very high rates of spontaneous abortion/oversized foetuses :) Animals have a pampered life Biopharmaceutical like AAT secreted in milk = non-invasive Cheap and effective drugs Yeast alternative |
| History of Cloning 7 | Hair loop experiment Nuclear transplants Somatic nuclear transplants Dolly cloned from adult udder cell Mice, cows, pigs, rabbits etc cloned No human cloned yet Primate cloning |
| Somatic Cell Nuclear Transfer (SCNT) 11 | Use newts Vegative end - yolk Animal end - nucleus Uses embryo cells Remove/destroy egg nucleus Enucleated egg Fertilised egg (zygote) Blastula - ball of eggs Each cell - blastomere Early embryo - isolate somatic cell Isolated nucleus for injection into an empty egg |
| The Usefulness of Dolly Technology / Cloning Animals Aging 3 | Study Aging - nucleus from 6 year old sheep but egg cytoplasm from new egg - whats the age? Premature arthritis and early death Mice cloned to sixth generation had normal aging |
| The Usefulness of Dolly/Cloning Technology Other than Aging 4 | Saving endangered species - must have similar species to surrogate, clone last survivors, gene pool not effected Efficient production of human pharm AAT, CF8/9 All GM tinkering takes place in the cultured cells Pioneering methods for cloning humans? |
| Cloning for Saving Endangered Species 4 | Mouflon in sheep African wildcat Must have similar species to surrogate, Gene pool not effected |
| Human Cloning Advantages 3 | Children for couples with total germline failure Avert genetic diseases affecting mitochondria Clone spare parts |
| Human Cloning Disadvantages 4 | Very inefficient Unknown risks - possibility of cancers, rapidly dividing cells Affronts human dignity, copy of donor by identical twins are two individuals Attempts to cheat death |
| Success of Dolly 5 | Earlier attempts - only worked with embryo nuclei Dolly from non-dividing adult udder cell Whole cell fused to an enucleated sheep zygote Standard IVF used to transfer Dolly embryo into surrogate Only successful adult clone from 277 attempts |
| Mitochondria Replacement How in Rhesus Monkeys 4 | Investigated with rhesus monkeys Spindle/chromo complex transferred from eggs of A into enucleated egg with B Reconstructed egg capable of fertilisation by sperm of C = normal development and healthy offspring 3 infants born had genotypes A and C in nucleus |
| Mitochondria Replacement in Humans? 4 | Human DNA = 23,000 genes Mito DNA = 37 genes = tiny amount of extra DNA = no 'lets find my mito. mommy' problem Could be limited to only female offspring Not allowed to apply as a therapy |
| Why Dolly Cloned 4 | Human pharmaceutical blood proteins - CF8/9, ATT and alpha-antitrypsin All require PTM - impossible in microbes Genetically modified sheep with human ATT gene active only in mammary tissue Tracy secreted 35g |
| Human Dignity Issues in Reproductive Cloning For the Donor 5 | Unrealistic expectations for certain traits Motivation to be cloned in 1st place EGO! Donor has to agree for the clone to be brought up by someone else Legal appeals = clone success rate 1% and fail at very late stage = lots of upset moms to be Competition for similar jobs :P ? |
| Why not a flock of identical Tracys? 2 | Tracy was not from a scrapie-free flock No NZ flock as run out of funds |
| PPL Policy and Dolly Date Timeline 5 | Tracy AAT sheep Morag and Morgan cloned from foetal cellsw Dolly from adult control experiment Polly from foetal GM sheep with human gene CF9 Easier to clone foetal than adult nuclei |
| Controversies Surrounding Dolly 6 | Only one success GENETIC FINGERPRINTING Prove was an ADULT clone as original culture from preg ewe May have been contaminated with embryonic stem cells from blood Other cloning successes Cloning difficult as incomplete reprogramming of DNA metabolism in SCNT embryos |
| Other Animal Cloning Successes 4 | Calves in US and France >20 mice cloned by microinjection with nuclei from quiescent adult cumulus cells Pigs, cats, rabbits, horse, dog. Rhesus macaquen embryos Mice cloned from frozen tissue |
| Cloned Rhesus Macaques 5 | First successful cloning of primate blastocysts from adult skin fibroblasts 2 ES cell lines produced from blastocysts Success due to SCNT treatment Highly repeatable cloning team Neuronal and cardiac muscle could be induced to differentiate from ES cells |
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