Lipids and Lipoproteins

Lipids and Lipoproteins

1. Simple lipids

   • Fats and oils
     • Glycerol esters
     • fatty acids of different lengths
   • Triglycerides
     • Main chemical form of fat storage in humans
       • 1 glycerol molecule
       • 3 fatty acid molecules
         • aliphatic chains
           • with a methyl and a carboxyl end
             • Methyl end
             • Carboxyl end
   • Classification
     • Saturated
       • C chains with single bonds
         • 4 to 24 C
         • Palmitic
         • Stearic
       • More compact overall structure
     • Unsaturated
       • Monounsaturated
         • 1 double bound
           • The most important
             • Oleic
       • Polyunsaturated
         • 2 or more double bonds
           • The most important
             • Linoleic
             • α-Linolenic
       • C chains with double and single bonds
       • 16 to 22 C
     • according to chain length
       • short
         • 4 to 6 C
       • medium
         • 8 to 12 C
       • long
         • 14 to 22 C
       • very long
         • more than 22 C
     • according to its synthesis
       • Non-essential FA
         • synthesized by the body
       • Essential FA
         • Not synthesized by the body
           • Linoleic
             • ω:6
               • Forerunner of
                 • arachidonic acid
           • α-Linolenic
             • ω:3
               • Forerunner of
                 • EPA & DHA

2. Compound lipids

   • They are part of structural units
   • Simple lipids bound to non-lipid molecules
   • Phospholipids
     • composition
       • Fatty acids
       • Phosphoric acid
       • Nitrogen base
     • Physiologically
       • In great quantities
       • Combined with proteins in the cell membrane
       • In the blood
         • Transport and use of lipids and cholesterol
     • Main
       • Lecithin
         • Phosphatidylcholine
       • Cephalin
         • Phosphatidylethanolamine
   • Glycolipids
     • Acts as a component
       • Nervous tissue
       • Certain membranes
     • Sphingosine + Fatty acid
       • Ceramide
         • Radical
           • galactose
           • phosphoric group
   • Lipoproteins
     • They're in blood plasma
     • function
       • Transport
         • Long chain fatty acids
           • through extracellular liquids
     • Formed by
       • Long chain triglycerides
         • attached to
           • cholesterol esters
       • phospholipids
       • Non-esterified cholesterol
       • Protein
     • 5 Types
       • Chylomicrons
       • VLDL
         • Very Low Density Lipoprotein
       • LDL
         • Low Density Lipoprotein
       • HDL
         • High Density Lipoprotein
       • IDL
         • Intermedium Density Lipoprotein
     • Lipoprotein lipase (LPL)
       • enzyme
         • located in the lumen of the blood capillaries
       • function
         • degrade triacylglycerols circulating in the blood
           • Associated with
           • To be used as a reserve or as an energy source
       • is synthesized in
         • muscle, heart, and adipose tissue
       • pathophysiology
         • LPL activity is reduced in patients with poorly controlled diabetes
           • Because Insulin stimulates LPL
             • leading to hypertriglyceridemia

3. Derived lipids

   • Sterols
     • Origin
       • Animal
         • Cholesterol
           • Vitamin D precursors
       • Vegetable
         • Ergosterol
         • Stigmasterol
         • Phytosterol

4. Juan Sebastian Tapia Vargas

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