supra, sentential and sub- terminology

supra, sentential and sub- terminology

1. Suprasentential

   • Backgrounding foregrounding
     • provide background information
     • function in the foregrounding to carry the main storyline
   • Cohesion
     • texts, units of spoken or written language have an organizational structure of their own
       • Five linguistic mechanisms
         • reference
         • ellipsis
         • substitution
         • conjunction
         • Lexical cohesion
   • Register
     • level of formality of language
       • involves three variables
         • field
           • social activity in which the language is being used and what is being talk about
         • tenor
           • roles and relationships of interlocutors
         • mode
           • the channel of communication
   • Genre
     • refers to linguistics variation
       • the variation is due to the communicative purpose to which the language is put
   • Given/new
     • Given information
       • is that which is assumed by the writer to be known by the reader.
     • New information
       • “newsworthy” -not something the writer can take for granted that the reader knows.
         • tendency to place new information toward the end of a clause is called end focus

2. Sentential

   • simple sentence
     • contains at least one subject and one verb
       • five basic simple sentence patterns
         • 1. Subject + Verb
         • 2.Subject + Verb + Object
         • 3.Subject + Verb + Indirect object + Direct object
         • 4.Subject + Verb + Subject predicate
         • 5.Subject + Verb + Object + Object predicate
   • compound sentence
     • two or more clauses of equal grammar importance
   • complex sentence
     • 2 types
       • main clause and one or more subordinate clauses
       • a dependent clause is embedded in an independent clause
         • embedded clause take place of:
           • subject
           • object
           • adjective
   • sentence mood
     • 3 main moods
       • indicative
       • interrogative
       • imperative
     • 2 minor moods
       • exclamatory
         • they have sentence type counterparts
       • subjunctive
         • indicates
           • a speaker’s uncertainty or the hypotheticality of the prepositional content or meaning of the clause
           • something is contrary to fact, or counterfactual
         • use a different form of the verb from the form ordinarily called for. "WERE"
   • Theme/Rheme
     • theme provides the “point of departure of the message”
       • provides the framework for interpreting what follows
         • What follows is the rheme, the remainder of the message in the clause.
     • English sentence is composed of two major constituents
       • subject
         • theme
       • predicate
         • rheme
   • Markedness
     • untypical use of something
     • Marked word order
       • refers to word order which is not typical; e.g. word order O-S-V
       • used to create various kinds of focus on particular elements for a variety of purposes.
   • Voice
     • allow for different constituents to function as themes
       • active
       • passive

3. Sub sentential

   • 3 criteria
     • semantic
       • It is not easy to identify parts of speech is a difficult enterprise
     • structural
       • grammarians choose to identify word classes through their structural, or formal, characteristics
         • their position in a sentence
         • adjacent function words
         • their constituents
     • functional
       • part of speech by the grammatical function it plays in a sentence