GROUPS - social identiy and intergroup behaviour_ part two

DEHUMANISATION OF OUTGROUPS - LEYENS ET AL - 2007 -
1. primary emotions are common to animals and humans (fear, anger, joy), secondary emotions are exclusive to humans, pity, compassion, disapointment, nostalgia etc. dehumanisation of outgroups requires both forms of emotion.
2. SEMANTIC-ANTHROPOLOGICAL DISCRIMINATION - judging others in terms of animal but not human characteristics.
3. PRIMARY emotions are associated with both ingroups and outgroups, SECONDARY EMOTIONS are associated with the ingroup only, outgroup tends to be denied emotions that are typically human. SO AS TO maintain a high status, justifying aggression and oppression.
RELATIVE DEPRIVATION AND SOCIAL UNREST
1. BERKOWITZ - 1964 - long hot summer - to explain collective violence in race riots that occurred during an excessive heatwave.
2. COLLECTIVE VIOLENCE - race riots in WATTS in LA in 1965, occurred after the injustice of the arrest of three black people. millions of property damaged, 34 people killed, high level of unemployment and deprivation.
3. relative deprivation - "a sense of having less than we are entitled to" - HOGG AND VAUGHAN - 2005 - deprivation not absolute but relative to other conditions. seen as a precondition for intergroup aggression.
  1. GURR - 1970 - relative deprivation is formed through comparisons between experiences and expectations.
4. TYPES OF RELATIVE DEPRIVATION - RUNCIMAN - 1966 - EGOISTIC R.D. = feeling of personally having less than we feel we are entitled to, relative to other similar people..... and FRTERNALISTIC R.D. = our group has less than it is entitled to compared to other groups.
  1. implication of fraternalistic relative deprivation with social unrest. VANNEMAN ET AL - 1972 - negative attitude towards blacks were more likely to perceive the blacks were better off when they weren't
5. GROUPS COMPETE FOR SCARCE RESOURCES - SHERIF - 1966 - where groups compete for scare resources, intergroup relations become marked with conflict and ethnocentrism.
  1. FACTORS AFFECTING RELATIVE DEPRIVATION
    1. 1. STRONG GROUP IDENTIFICATION
      1. 2. PERCEIVED EFFECTIVENESS OF ACTION
    2. 3. PERCEPTIONS OF INJUSTICE, less than entitled to
    3. 4. INGROUP-OUTGROUP COMPARISONS - likelihood for action depends on similarity of the outgroup.
INTERGROUP COOPERATION
1. REALISTIC CONFLICT THEORY - SHERIF - 1966 - the existence of superordinate goals and cooperation reduces intergroup hostility, avoidance of mutually exclusive goals.
  1. SOCIAL IDENTITY THEORY - TAJFEL AND TURNER - 1979 - hostility will be reduced if intergroup stereotypes become less derogatory and legitimised non-violent forms of intergroup competition
    1. breakdown outgroup prejudice by promoting interpersonal contact to break down attitudes, and by creating super-ordinate goals to promote intergroup cooperation on a task.
      1. SUPERORDINATE GOALS - SHERIF - 1966 - superordinate goals have an outcome of mutual benefit to groups, sherif states their effectiveness to reduce intergroup conflict. DION - 1979 - resistance against a shared threat is a common superordinate goal.

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GROUPS - social identiy and intergroup behaviour_ part two

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