278853
Lotions & Potions
- Formulas
- Molecular Formula- Gives the
number of each type of atom in a
compound E.g. Butane C4H10
- Expaned Structual Formula-
Gives the arrangment of atoms
in a molecule indicating how the
atoms are bonded together.
- Condensed Structual
Formula- The number of
each atom grouped E.g.
Butane CH3CH2CH2CH3
- General Formula- Shows
in gernral terms the ration
of atoms in a compound.
Uses to describe
homologous series-
Alkanes and Alcohols
- Molecular Formula- Gives the
number of each type of atom in a
compound E.g. Butane C4H10
- Homologous Series
- Alcohol, Alkane & Carboxylic acid
- Alcohol, Alkane & Carboxylic acid
- Suffix
- Alcohol- anol Alkane- ane Carboxylic acid-anoic acid
- Alcohol- anol Alkane- ane Carboxylic acid-anoic acid
- Prefix
- Meth- Eth- Prop- But- Pent- Hex- Hept- Oct- Non- Dec-
- Meth- Eth- Prop- But- Pent- Hex- Hept- Oct- Non- Dec-
- Hydrophilic
- A substance that attracts
water, dissolves in water and
combines with water
- A substance that attracts
water, dissolves in water and
combines with water
- Hydrophobic
- A substance that repels water,
doesn't dissolve in water and
tend not to combine with water
- A substance that repels water,
doesn't dissolve in water and
tend not to combine with water
- Acid and Alkalis
- Acids & Alkalis are corrosive
- Acids & Alkalis are corrosive
- Soaps
- Both hydrophilic &
hydrophobic.
Hydrophilic-head &
Hydrophobic- Tail
- Both hydrophilic &
hydrophobic.
Hydrophilic-head &
Hydrophobic- Tail
- Grease, Oils & Fat
- Grease, oils &fat are triesters (3 esters joined together by
alcohols) Esters can be broken down by alkalis to from
alcohols and soaps. When a weak alkali is put on your skin
which has oil on it- the alkali breaks the ester linkages of the
oil to form soap and the feeling on your skin is slippery.
- Grease, oils &fat are triesters (3 esters joined together by
alcohols) Esters can be broken down by alkalis to from
alcohols and soaps. When a weak alkali is put on your skin
which has oil on it- the alkali breaks the ester linkages of the
oil to form soap and the feeling on your skin is slippery.
- Micel
- Cleaning away grease. Soap molecules arrange themselves
around grease so that the hydrophobic tails attract to the grease &
the hydrophilic heads attract to the water. The grease is broken up
into small globules & can then be rinsed away in water.
- Cleaning away grease. Soap molecules arrange themselves
around grease so that the hydrophobic tails attract to the grease &
the hydrophilic heads attract to the water. The grease is broken up
into small globules & can then be rinsed away in water.
- Skin
- Is a bipholipid layer.
The heads stick out &
the tails in. This stops
water geting into the
cell membrane.Alkalis
are caustic and ca n
break the ester bonds
keeping the skin (cell
membrane) together.
The layer breaks down
surronding the cells &
the cells burst.
- Is a bipholipid layer.
The heads stick out &
the tails in. This stops
water geting into the
cell membrane.Alkalis
are caustic and ca n
break the ester bonds
keeping the skin (cell
membrane) together.
The layer breaks down
surronding the cells &
the cells burst.
- Hydrocarbons
- Are organic compounds which contain
carbon & hydrogen. Found in crude oil
and natural gas. Are formed from the
decay of organic matter in a limited
supply of oxygen. Can be used directly
(e.g. motor fuels or solvents) or can be
turned into a range of other useful
products (e.g. polymers such as
plastics). Several different homologous
series of hydrocarbons.
- Are organic compounds which contain
carbon & hydrogen. Found in crude oil
and natural gas. Are formed from the
decay of organic matter in a limited
supply of oxygen. Can be used directly
(e.g. motor fuels or solvents) or can be
turned into a range of other useful
products (e.g. polymers such as
plastics). Several different homologous
series of hydrocarbons.
- Alkanes
- Contain single C-C covalent bonds. General
formula- CnH2n+2. Have an ___ane ending in
their name. Simplest alkane is methane CH4.
Are saturated (e.g. no more hydrogren atoms
can be aded to their molecules.) Mixtures of
alkanes ar found in common fuels such as CNG,
LPG, petrol, diesel &kerosene.
- Contain single C-C covalent bonds. General
formula- CnH2n+2. Have an ___ane ending in
their name. Simplest alkane is methane CH4.
Are saturated (e.g. no more hydrogren atoms
can be aded to their molecules.) Mixtures of
alkanes ar found in common fuels such as CNG,
LPG, petrol, diesel &kerosene.
- Alcohol
- Functional group- OH. Have an ____anol
ending in their name. Simplest alcohol is
methanol CH3OH. Are soluble in water
(dissolve). Solubility decreases as their
molecualr size increase. Methanol- very
soluble to Decanol- slightly soluble
- Functional group- OH. Have an ____anol
ending in their name. Simplest alcohol is
methanol CH3OH. Are soluble in water
(dissolve). Solubility decreases as their
molecualr size increase. Methanol- very
soluble to Decanol- slightly soluble
- Fermentation
- Chemical Process in which microorganisms
such as yeast act on carbohydrates to
produce ethanol and carbon dioxide.
- Chemical Process in which microorganisms
such as yeast act on carbohydrates to
produce ethanol and carbon dioxide.
- Carboxylic Acid
- Contains Carbon & Hydroxide & Carbon double
bonded to oxyge. Belong to a homologous series of
organic compounds similar to alkanes and alcohols.
Functional group___ COOH (carbonyl group)
- Contains Carbon & Hydroxide & Carbon double
bonded to oxyge. Belong to a homologous series of
organic compounds similar to alkanes and alcohols.
Functional group___ COOH (carbonyl group)
- Molecule
- A group of atoms
chemically bonded together
- A group of atoms
chemically bonded together
- Combustion
- Scientific word for buring. Type of chemical
reaction. Three things are required for combustion
to take place. These are oxygen, fuel & heat. Often
shown in the fire triangle. Removing any one of
these will make the fire go out.
- Complete Combusion word equation: Hydrocarbon + excess
(more than enough) Oxygen combust to Carbon Dioxide Gas &
Water Vapour Symbol equation: CH4 +O2 -> CO2+H20
- Incomplete Combustion word equation: Hydrocarbon + insufficent
Oxygen combust to Carbon Monoxide Gas or both Solid Carbon & Water
Symbol equation: CH4 + O2 -> C +H20
- Scientific word for buring. Type of chemical
reaction. Three things are required for combustion
to take place. These are oxygen, fuel & heat. Often
shown in the fire triangle. Removing any one of
these will make the fire go out.
- Lime Water Test
- To test for Carbon Dioxide. When the lime
water changes from clear to milky liquid.
- To test for Carbon Dioxide. When the lime
water changes from clear to milky liquid.
- Cobolt Chloride Paper
- To test for Water. The paper
changes colour from blue to pink.
- To test for Water. The paper
changes colour from blue to pink.
- Carbon Monoxide
- Is dangerous because it stops the
blood absorbing oxygen so the blood
delivers carbon dioxide to all the
body cells. Which then become
delayed becasue carbon monoxide
gas is posinous. The result is brain
damage or death.
- Is dangerous because it stops the
blood absorbing oxygen so the blood
delivers carbon dioxide to all the
body cells. Which then become
delayed becasue carbon monoxide
gas is posinous. The result is brain
damage or death.
- Universal Indicators
- Change from yellow to red when an acid is present
- Change from yellow to red when an acid is present
- Esters
- Are formed by a reaction joining an alcohol to a carboxylic acid.
They are scented and have fruity smells. Used to make artificial
flavours. You need a liebig condenser, round bottom flask, heating
mantle & clamp/stand. You add sulfuric acid because it is a
catalyst- speeds up the reaction. We heat the mixture so it can
evaporate and speed up the reaction time. Purpose of liebig
condenser is that the evaporated gases are cooled inside the
condenser by the cold water, then drop back down. At the end
sodium carbonate is added to the mixture to neutralise it.
- Reflux Method-
- Are formed by a reaction joining an alcohol to a carboxylic acid.
They are scented and have fruity smells. Used to make artificial
flavours. You need a liebig condenser, round bottom flask, heating
mantle & clamp/stand. You add sulfuric acid because it is a
catalyst- speeds up the reaction. We heat the mixture so it can
evaporate and speed up the reaction time. Purpose of liebig
condenser is that the evaporated gases are cooled inside the
condenser by the cold water, then drop back down. At the end
sodium carbonate is added to the mixture to neutralise it.
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