Case Studies

World Cities
1. Susainbility
  1. Transport
    1. Curitiba
      1. South Brazil
      2. 300km from Sau Paulo
      3. 1600 buses
        Red express buses
        Bi articulated
        1,000 passengers per bus per day
        Run from the outskirts of the city into the center with limited stops
        Orange feeder buses
        1,000 passengers per bus per day
        Collects passengers from outlying districts and takes them to the express busses
        Grey local buses
        1,000 passengers per bus per day
        Mainly follows express routes but making many more stops
        Green Suburban busses
        2,000 passengers per bus per day
        Articlated
        Carry passengers around the suburbs
        The X's mark where passengers can change buses without paying for the second journey
      4. Most bus stops have a tube in which passengers pay before boarding the bus
      5. Buses have dedicated bus lanes
      6. Same capacity as a metro
      7. 70% of residents use the bus
      8. Curitiba uses 30% less fuel as a result of its bus system
    2. Freiburg
      1. South East Germany
      2. 240km from Frankfurt
      3. All traffic, including pedestrians use the same space
      4. Tram, bus and train stations are all in the same place
      5. 5 pillars
        Traffic calming
        The city center was pedestrianised in 1973
        Roads in the city are cobbled
        30km/hr limit
        Traffic concerntration
        No cars allowed in city center
        Using key roads to concentrate traffic
        Diverting traffic from the city center
        Parking control
        No uncontrolled parking in city center
        Parking is cheap for short times and very expensive or impossible for the whole day
        Public transport
        Trams go right into the city center
        Cheap monthly travel-card for the whole city
        Increase bicycle use
        More than 500km of bike lanes
  2. Waste
Tectonic hazards
1. Earthquakes
  1. Sendai
    1. 9.0
    2. 100km east of Sendai, Japan
    3. 11th March 2011
    4. 4th largest earthquake ever recorded
    5. Pacific Plate slipped 5-10m
    6. Triggered a 10m high tsunami
      1. The 10 waves hit 3000km of coastline
      2. The waves reached 10km inland
    7. Responces
      1. Long term?
        Future contingency plans will need to consider the defennce needed to stop another large tsunami
        Japan is already the most indebted country and the tsunami will make the problem worse
      2. Short term
        Survivors huddled together to keep warm
        100000 soldiers where mobilized
        UK sent 63 search and rescue specialists
        Other contries, like the USA, provided a lot of aid
    8. Effects
      1. Long Term
        Half a million homeless
        At lest 1 million homes without water
        Fukushima nuclear power station exploded
        More than 700 aftershocks
      2. Short term
        Parts of the coast where moved 4m into the Passific
        500km2 where flooded
        Tokyo skyscrapers shook like trees
        Over 25000 dead or missing
Ecosystems
1. Plagioclimax
  1. North Yorkshire moors
    1. 1436km2 on the English East Coast
    2. The Moors used to be an oak forest
      1. The forest was cleared 2000 years ago
        Heather was one of few shrubs that could grow
    3. The UK contains 70% of the world's heather
    4. The Moorlands are maintained as heather
      1. They are an important habitat for rare plants and birds
        Sundew
        common spotted orchid
        Merlin
        Golden plover
      2. The main purpose of the moors is Grouse hunting
      3. This is done though controled burning
2. Savannah
  1. Serengeti
    1. Tanzania and South West Kenya
    2. 30000km2

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	Created by Sam West almost 8 years ago