Drugs

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• Drug developed in 1950s taken till early 60s, for morning sickness

1. 1950s-60s
2. Morning Sickness
3. Distaval
4. Birth Defects

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   • Thalidomide affected 10,000 babies in the UK. It caused birth defects. Only in 1961 was link confirmed. The drug blocked creation of blood vessels
5. Francis Kelsey

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   • Kelsey didn't want drug licensed as she was appalled at lack of research, and there was not enough data
6. Lessons Learnt

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   • Lessons Learnt:  Companies must conform to laws and regulations before a drug is launched, and carry out multiple trials. This takes longer and costs more.
7. Leprosy, Cancer

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   • Thalidomide is still being used for leprosy and cancer

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• Drug Misuse: When a person takes a drug for non-medicinal purposes to affect how they feel

1. Cannabis
   1. Potential Schizophrenia
   2. Affects Brain
   3. Peer Pressures
   4. Life Stresses
2. Depressants (Sedatives)

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   • Depressants (Sedatives): make you feel relaxed
3. Hallucinogens

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   • Hallucinogens; Drugs affecting hearing or vision
4. Recreational

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   • Recreational; Non medicinal, affecting mood, emotion or state 
5. Gateway

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   • Gateway Drugs; Drug tried out leading onto stronger drugs
6. Tolerance

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   • Tolerance;  How much of a drug you can take before it has an effect
7. Addiction

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   • Addiction; Craving the drug and not resisting whatever the cost
8. Alcohol

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   • The government spends more on alcohol abuse than on tobacco/illegal drugs
   1. Binge Drinking
      1. Liver Damage
   2. 100kcl/unit
   3. 500 under 18s per year in hosppital
   4. Men 3-4 units
   5. Women 2-3 units
9. Tobacco
   1. Nicotine

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      • Nicotine; Addictive, stimulates CNS increases heart rate and blood pressure. In large quantities poisonous
   2. Tar

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      • Tar; Thousands of chemicals leading to lung problems and maybe cancer
      1. Carbon Monoxide

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         • Carbon Monoxide; Colourless, odorless Is lighter than oxygen so is easier carried around blood and bound to haemoglobin, less oxygen getting around, more pressure on the heart

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• Withdrawal symptoms; What happens when you stop taking a drug you are addicted to

1. Psychological

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   • Psychological; Depend on drug to cope with everyday stresses. 'High feeling'
   1. Cannabis
   2. Irritability
   3. Depression
   4. Anxiety
2. Physical 'Hard'

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   • Physical addiction; When the drug changes body chemistry so you feel sick without it
   1. Cocaine
   2. Heroine
   3. Vomiting
   4. Cramps
   5. Muscle Spasms

1. Stimulants

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   • Stimulants; Make you feel full of energy
   1. Blood Doping
      1. Increases red blood cells
         1. Increases oxygen transfer
         2. Increases energy
         3. Thicker blood
         4. Higher blood pressure
         5. Blood Clots
            1. Strokes
            2. Heart Attacks
   2. Caffeine
      1. Increases Heart Rate
         1. Increases Blood Flow
         2. Increases Energy
         3. Shaking
         4. Nervousness
         5. High Blood Pressure
         6. Dehydration
2. Anabolic Steroids
   1. Stimulates muscle develpment
      1. Liver damage
      2. Mood swings
   2. Reduces recovery time after training
      1. Weak bones
      2. Hair growth
   3. Increase aggression, strength and speed
      1. Infertility

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• Selective Toxicity: The principle that a drug must be toxic to the pathogen but not to human cells.

1. 1: Differences

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   • Step 1: Differences: Find differences between the host and the pathogen which the drug can target
2. 2: Interference

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   • Stage 2: Interference: Find a drug to interfere with target in the pathogen
3. 3: Testing

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   • Stage 3: Testing: See above

1. Stage 1: Research

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   • Stage 1: Research: Chemical simulations on the computer to test the hypothesis
2. Stage 2: Laboratory Testing

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   • Stage 2: Laboratory Testing: Drug tested on live cells then on animals for correct dose and level of toxicity.
3. Stage 3: Clinical Trials 1

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   • Stage 3: Clinical Trials 1: Tested on small no. of healthy humans for side effects, starting with low dose
4. Stage 4: Clinical Trials 2

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   • Stage 4: Clinical Trials 2: Tested on 100 humans with disease to see effectiveness in low doses
5. Stage 5: Clinical Trials 3

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   • Stage 5: Clinical Trials 3: Several hundred sufferers to find best dose and effectiveness compared with current drug