Drugs

Description

GCSE Biology Mind Map on Drugs, created by Last-minute-crammer on 28/05/2014.
Last-minute-crammer
Mind Map by Last-minute-crammer, updated more than 1 year ago
Last-minute-crammer
Created by Last-minute-crammer over 10 years ago
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Resource summary

Drugs
  1. Thalidomide

    Annotations:

    • Drug developed in 1950s taken till early 60s, for morning sickness
    1. 1950s-60s
      1. Morning Sickness
        1. Distaval
          1. Birth Defects

            Annotations:

            • Thalidomide affected 10,000 babies in the UK. It caused birth defects. Only in 1961 was link confirmed. The drug blocked creation of blood vessels
            1. Francis Kelsey

              Annotations:

              • Kelsey didn't want drug licensed as she was appalled at lack of research, and there was not enough data
              1. Lessons Learnt

                Annotations:

                • Lessons Learnt:  Companies must conform to laws and regulations before a drug is launched, and carry out multiple trials. This takes longer and costs more.
                1. Leprosy, Cancer

                  Annotations:

                  • Thalidomide is still being used for leprosy and cancer
                2. Misuse

                  Annotations:

                  • Drug Misuse: When a person takes a drug for non-medicinal purposes to affect how they feel
                  1. Cannabis
                    1. Potential Schizophrenia
                      1. Affects Brain
                        1. Peer Pressures
                          1. Life Stresses
                          2. Depressants (Sedatives)

                            Annotations:

                            • Depressants (Sedatives): make you feel relaxed
                            1. Hallucinogens

                              Annotations:

                              • Hallucinogens; Drugs affecting hearing or vision
                              1. Recreational

                                Annotations:

                                • Recreational; Non medicinal, affecting mood, emotion or state 
                                1. Gateway

                                  Annotations:

                                  • Gateway Drugs; Drug tried out leading onto stronger drugs
                                  1. Tolerance

                                    Annotations:

                                    • Tolerance;  How much of a drug you can take before it has an effect
                                    1. Addiction

                                      Annotations:

                                      • Addiction; Craving the drug and not resisting whatever the cost
                                      1. Alcohol

                                        Annotations:

                                        • The government spends more on alcohol abuse than on tobacco/illegal drugs
                                        1. Binge Drinking
                                          1. Liver Damage
                                          2. 100kcl/unit
                                            1. 500 under 18s per year in hosppital
                                              1. Men 3-4 units
                                                1. Women 2-3 units
                                                2. Tobacco
                                                  1. Nicotine

                                                    Annotations:

                                                    • Nicotine; Addictive, stimulates CNS increases heart rate and blood pressure. In large quantities poisonous
                                                    1. Tar

                                                      Annotations:

                                                      • Tar; Thousands of chemicals leading to lung problems and maybe cancer
                                                      1. Carbon Monoxide

                                                        Annotations:

                                                        • Carbon Monoxide; Colourless, odorless Is lighter than oxygen so is easier carried around blood and bound to haemoglobin, less oxygen getting around, more pressure on the heart
                                                  2. Withdrawal and Dependency

                                                    Annotations:

                                                    • Withdrawal symptoms; What happens when you stop taking a drug you are addicted to
                                                    1. Psychological

                                                      Annotations:

                                                      • Psychological; Depend on drug to cope with everyday stresses. 'High feeling'
                                                      1. Cannabis
                                                        1. Irritability
                                                          1. Depression
                                                            1. Anxiety
                                                            2. Physical 'Hard'

                                                              Annotations:

                                                              • Physical addiction; When the drug changes body chemistry so you feel sick without it
                                                              1. Cocaine
                                                                1. Heroine
                                                                  1. Vomiting
                                                                    1. Cramps
                                                                      1. Muscle Spasms
                                                                    2. Performance Enhancing Drugs
                                                                      1. Stimulants

                                                                        Annotations:

                                                                        • Stimulants; Make you feel full of energy
                                                                        1. Blood Doping
                                                                          1. Increases red blood cells
                                                                            1. Increases oxygen transfer
                                                                              1. Increases energy
                                                                                1. Thicker blood
                                                                                  1. Higher blood pressure
                                                                                    1. Blood Clots
                                                                                      1. Strokes
                                                                                        1. Heart Attacks
                                                                                    2. Caffeine
                                                                                      1. Increases Heart Rate
                                                                                        1. Increases Blood Flow
                                                                                          1. Increases Energy
                                                                                            1. Shaking
                                                                                              1. Nervousness
                                                                                                1. High Blood Pressure
                                                                                                  1. Dehydration
                                                                                              2. Anabolic Steroids
                                                                                                1. Stimulates muscle develpment
                                                                                                  1. Liver damage
                                                                                                    1. Mood swings
                                                                                                    2. Reduces recovery time after training
                                                                                                      1. Weak bones
                                                                                                        1. Hair growth
                                                                                                        2. Increase aggression, strength and speed
                                                                                                          1. Infertility
                                                                                                      2. Selective Toxicity

                                                                                                        Annotations:

                                                                                                        • Selective Toxicity: The principle that a drug must be toxic to the pathogen but not to human cells.
                                                                                                        1. 1: Differences

                                                                                                          Annotations:

                                                                                                          • Step 1: Differences: Find differences between the host and the pathogen which the drug can target
                                                                                                          1. 2: Interference

                                                                                                            Annotations:

                                                                                                            • Stage 2: Interference: Find a drug to interfere with target in the pathogen
                                                                                                            1. 3: Testing

                                                                                                              Annotations:

                                                                                                              • Stage 3: Testing: See above
                                                                                                            2. Stages of Testing
                                                                                                              1. Stage 1: Research

                                                                                                                Annotations:

                                                                                                                • Stage 1: Research: Chemical simulations on the computer to test the hypothesis
                                                                                                                1. Stage 2: Laboratory Testing

                                                                                                                  Annotations:

                                                                                                                  • Stage 2: Laboratory Testing: Drug tested on live cells then on animals for correct dose and level of toxicity.
                                                                                                                  1. Stage 3: Clinical Trials 1

                                                                                                                    Annotations:

                                                                                                                    • Stage 3: Clinical Trials 1: Tested on small no. of healthy humans for side effects, starting with low dose
                                                                                                                    1. Stage 4: Clinical Trials 2

                                                                                                                      Annotations:

                                                                                                                      • Stage 4: Clinical Trials 2: Tested on 100 humans with disease to see effectiveness in low doses
                                                                                                                      1. Stage 5: Clinical Trials 3

                                                                                                                        Annotations:

                                                                                                                        • Stage 5: Clinical Trials 3: Several hundred sufferers to find best dose and effectiveness compared with current drug
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