Attention

Attention

Main Psychologist
1. William James (1890)
Orienting Attention
1. Overt
2. Covert
3. Attentional Gaze
Selective Attention
1. meaning
  1. Attending one stimulus over multiple stimuli which occur simultaneously.
Cueing Attention
1. Exogenous
  1. meaning
    1. being control of a stimulus.
2. Endogenous
  1. meaning
    1. allocation of attentional resources to a predetermined location.
Theories
1. Filter Theory
  1. Psychologist
    1. Broadbent (1958)
  2. A person can attend only limited amount of information at any given time. Filter some and block the rest.
2. Cocktail Party Effect
  1. Psychologist
    1. Neville Morray (1959)
  2. If shadow content filtered to be important, it can penetrate someone attention.
3. Attenuation Theory
  1. Psychologist
    1. Annie Triesman (1960)
  2. Unattended message are not blocked completely, just turned down the volume.
  3. Message divided into three types of analysis.
    1. i. Physical analysis.
    2. ii. Linguistic level: broken down into words and syllables.
    3. iii. Semantic analysis: meaning of message.
4. Late Selection Theory
  1. Psychologists
    1. Deutsch & Deutsch (1963)
  2. Messages processed for some aspect, selection which to attend occurs late after.
5. Capacity Theory
  1. Attention can be directed more than one task at a time, depends on capacity demands of each task.
    1. Allocation of attention depends on:
      1. Arousal level or alertness state
      2. Available capacity
      3. Enduring dispositions
      4. Momentary intentions
  2. Psychologist
    1. Daniel Kahneman (1973)
      1. Develop 'Resources Allocation model'.
6. Divided Attention
  1. Pay attention to two task simultaneously.
  2. Difficult when:
    1. Similar task
    2. Difficult task
    3. Both require conscious attention
  3. Easier when:
    1. Dissimilar task
    2. Simple task
    3. At least one task does not require conscious attention
    4. Practised task
Automatic Vs Controlled Processing
1. Automatic
  1. Occurs without intention, without conscious awareness and does not interfere other mental activity.
  2. i. Fast and efficient
  3. ii. Consciousness Unavailable
  4. iii. Unavoidable
  5. iv. Unintentional
2. Controlled or Attentional Processing
  1. Requires attention, capacity limited under conscious control.
  2. i. Slow and less efficient
  3. ii. Consciousness Available
  4. iii. Controllable
  5. iv. Intentional
Models
1. Simple Serial Models
2. Selective Serial Models
3. Simple Parallel Models
Visual Attention
1. Two types
  1. Selective Attention
    1. Highly focused on central stimulus. Adjacent stimuli ignored.
  2. Divided Attention
    1. Attention diffused. Not only focus on central stimuli, adjacent stimuli receive some processing.
2. Focus of attention is like a spotlight, ignored stimuli outside the beam (Kellogg, 2003).
Executive Control
1. Supervisory attentional system that inhibit inappropriate mental representations or responses and activates appropriate ones.
Perceptual Binding
1. Feature Integration Theory
  1. Psychologists
    1. Treisman & Gelade (1980)
  2. Automatic preattentive processing of features must be followed by controlled attentional processing to bind the features into a whole object (Kelloge, 2003).

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	Created by Muhammad Helmy Emran about 7 years ago