Stalin's Russia

Stalin's Russia

1. Leadership Stuggle

   • NEP
   • Fear of Bonapartism
   • World REV and Socialism in one Country
   • The Ban of Factions
   • Lenin's Testament

2. Why Stalin Won the Leadership Struggle?

   • Stage 1 = Triumvirate  Kamenev, Zinoviev and Stalin against Trotsky  Policy issues - World REV Stage 2 = Duumvirate  Stalin and Bukharin against Kamenev and Zinoviev and Trostky   Policy Issues - NEP  Stage 3 = Stalin Rejects NEP and in favour of Rapid industrialisation against Bukharin Tomsky and Rykov 
   • Position = Secretary General and Head of Central Control Commission and Head of ORGBURO
   • Mistakes of the Contenders
   • Manipulation
   • Being Pragmatic

3. Five Year Plans Successful?

   • First 5YP 1928-1932 = Heavy Industry = Moderately Successful
     • Iron, Coal, Steel and Oil laid foundations for Rearmament Production of Oil and Coal Doubled!  Magnitogorsk 
   • Second 5YP 1933-1937= Consumer Goods and Heavy Industry = Moderately Success
   • Third 5YP = Preparation for War = Moderately Successful

4. How successful was collectivisation?

   • By 1939 19 million People left countryside for towns and Cities
   • The amount of Grain Procured More than Doubled
   • Consequences of Collectivisation
     • 1) The effects on Rural Areas  about 10 Million Exiled and 10 Million died in famine 1932-1934 2) Industrialisation and Urbanisation  3) Political Strength of Stalin 

5. How did Stalin’s social policies change the lives of women and children (UNDER THE GREAT RETREAT)? =Significantly

   • Women- Educational Opportunities Expanded = By 1939 they made up half of Population in UNI
   • Women 40% of Industrial Workforce
   • 'Great Retreat' Expected Woman to return to domestic Roles
   • Stalin's Policies Significant But Contradictory pulling women in opposite Directions
   • Family Life
     • BEFORE- Women Disadvantaged of policies in 1920s = Free Love, Easy Divorced and Communal Living & Divorce Rates were HIGH
     • AFTER- Stalin's Family code of 1936 Brought Financial and Legal measures to Strengthen Marriage
       • Adultery= Criminal Offence/Divorce and Abortions more Expensive/Awards were given for amount of Children
         • Propaganda Expressed Role of MEN to be Devoted Husbands
   • Children
     • BEFORE- Radical Communists Urged Children to challenge parents and teachers
       • AFTER- Stalin's Reversed this = Children need to respect GOV and Parents
         • In 1920s EDU stressed Communist Ideals.  In 1931 EDU system was changed = New Curriculum emphasized literacy, maths and Core subjects. - School discipline was harsh to prepare children for future work - Homework was re-introduced and was to be set regularly  - 

6. What was the most important result of the Great Terror/Repression?

   • 1) Stalin's Political Dominance
   • 2) Economic Impact
   • 3) Social Impact

7. Why did Stalin introduce the First-Five Year Plan?

   • Economic Reasons = Industrialisation/NEP's Failure/Still Behind other Countries
   • Political Reasons = Surpass Lenin's Russia & Prepare for War
   • Ideological = Socialism Serve the Working Class

8. Why was Stalin able to maintain his power 1928-1938 ?

   • Collectivisation = Control over Peasants
   • Reprepression =The Great Terror 1936-1938
   • Five Year Plans =Harsh Discipline

9. To what extent was Russia a totalitarian state? = Considerable Extent

   • The Great Terror 1936-1938
   • Collectivisation = Control over Peasants
   • Social Realism = Totalitarian Culture, it demanded that art forms should be understood and appreciated by the whole people, and should be focused on the importance of the hero as a role model for others. Socialist realism may be illustrated through references to a number of art forms such as literature, music, paintings, sculpture, film and architecture.
   • Stalin's Cult of Personality = was enforced through culture, and by propaganda posters, education, and the renaming of towns, cities, and mountains.

10. Why Russia Won the War?

    • Economy - Five Year Plans = Production of Tanks and Aircraft/
    • Russia's Patriotism
    • Lend- Lease 20% of USSR's Output
    • Stalin's Leadership- Reorganising of factories east of Urals/J July 3rd 1941 Speech/Released officers and gave control over decision - making
    • Hitler's Mistakes = Nazi Racism/

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