2462600
Description
Mind Map by Abbie Lee New, updated more than 1 year ago
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Created by Abbie Lee New
over 10 years ago
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Language and Power
- Power Theorists
- Fairclough (2001)
- In most social interaction there is a degree of POWER ASYMMETRY-
most obvious when one speaker has a higher status or role. This
gives rise to what he termed as UNEQUAL ENCOUNTERS in which
there are POWERFUL and LESS POWERFUL PARTICIPANTS. Powerful
participants place constraints on the less powerful i.e.; Affecting turn
taking, decision of topics, length of speaking ect...
- Language and society are
inextricable, but he
distinguishes between;
- POWER IN DISCOURSE; Focuses on
situations where power
relationships are enacted (actual
language use)
- POWER BEHIND DISCOURSE; Focuses
on organisations and the effects of
power relationships on language use
(wider context)
- POWER IN DISCOURSE; Focuses on
situations where power
relationships are enacted (actual
language use)
- Power in advertising
- Builds a relationship between the
text producer and receiver by
constructing a 'product image'.
- BUILDS RELATIONSHIPS; 'SYNTHETIC
PERSONALISATION' dispute the text having a wide
audience the reader feels they are being addressed
warmly as an individual, creating relationship.
- CREATE AN IMAGE; Uses cognitive and cultural
models to evoke an image of the product being
advertised. This relies on 'members resources' or the
background knowledge and values readers use to
interpret texts, by using visual and verbal cues to
evoke frames of meaning.
- BUILD THE CONSUMER; Place the reader in the
desired position to become a consumer, in
agreement with the ideologies connected with the
product.
- BUILD THE CONSUMER; Place the reader in the
desired position to become a consumer, in
agreement with the ideologies connected with the
product.
- CREATE AN IMAGE; Uses cognitive and cultural
models to evoke an image of the product being
advertised. This relies on 'members resources' or the
background knowledge and values readers use to
interpret texts, by using visual and verbal cues to
evoke frames of meaning.
- BUILDS RELATIONSHIPS; 'SYNTHETIC
PERSONALISATION' dispute the text having a wide
audience the reader feels they are being addressed
warmly as an individual, creating relationship.
- Builds a relationship between the
text producer and receiver by
constructing a 'product image'.
- In most social interaction there is a degree of POWER ASYMMETRY-
most obvious when one speaker has a higher status or role. This
gives rise to what he termed as UNEQUAL ENCOUNTERS in which
there are POWERFUL and LESS POWERFUL PARTICIPANTS. Powerful
participants place constraints on the less powerful i.e.; Affecting turn
taking, decision of topics, length of speaking ect...
- Coulthard & Sinclair (1975&1992)
- Initiation Response Feedback (IRF) Model
- Initiation Response Feedback (IRF) Model
- Wareing (1999)
- Linguistic Power
- INSTRUMENTAL; When it is
used to enforce authority.
- INFLUENTIAL; When it is
used more subtly to
persuade or influence.
- INSTRUMENTAL; When it is
used to enforce authority.
- One of the ways of classifying
power, according to Wareing is in
terms of whether they represent
political, personal or social power;
- POLITICAL; This held by politicians, the police and
those working in the law courts.
- PERSONAL; Those who hold power as
a result of their occupation or role,
such as teachers or employers.
- SOCIAL GROUP; Those who hold power as a
result of social variables, such as class,
gender and age. Typically (though not
exclusively) white, middle-class men hold
positions of power.
- SOCIAL GROUP; Those who hold power as a
result of social variables, such as class,
gender and age. Typically (though not
exclusively) white, middle-class men hold
positions of power.
- POLITICAL; This held by politicians, the police and
those working in the law courts.
- Linguistic Power
- Brown/Levinson/Leech/Goffman
- All show how politeness and impoliteness can show or
create influence and persuasion. Face saving/threatening
acts are particularly important.
- All show how politeness and impoliteness can show or
create influence and persuasion. Face saving/threatening
acts are particularly important.
- Grice's Maxims
- Shows that co-operation is the norm in conversations
but that 'conversational maxims' can be flouted or
otherwise not followed to suggest influence or power.
- Shows that co-operation is the norm in conversations
but that 'conversational maxims' can be flouted or
otherwise not followed to suggest influence or power.
- Janet Holmes & Maria Stubbe (2003)
- 'Doing Power' and the uses of 'small talk'
to build relationships.
- 'Doing Power' and the uses of 'small talk'
to build relationships.
- Moreall & Winnick (1991&1976)
- On humour and how it can criticise
authority.
- On humour and how it can criticise
authority.
- Bernstein (1998)
- On the frequent use of
imperatives in stable
organisations.
- On the frequent use of
imperatives in stable
organisations.
- Fairclough (2001)
- Conversational Features
- Who leads the talk?
- Who chooses/changes the topic?
- Who interrupts/who backs down?
- Who comments on whats said?
- Who uses politeness strategies?
- Who uses 'face threatening acts'?
- Who uses tag questions, fillers and hedges?
- Who talks most?
- Who uses the most
imperatives?
- Who leads the talk?
- Dominant and Submissive Participants
- DOMINANT
- Initiate the conversation
- Set the agenda
- Control the topics
- Reinforce the required
behaviour through positive
feedback
- Interrupt
- Overlap
- Initiate the conversation
- SUBMISSIVE
- Respond rather than initiate
- Say much less-
even be largely
silent
- Follow the set agenda
- Use respectful forms of address-
avoid familiarity
- Use fillers, tag questions and hedges
- Respond rather than initiate
- DOMINANT
- Ideology
- Refers to belief systems, attitudes and
world views which hold individual or
groups may hold.
- Texts are often written to project a certain set
of beliefs onto an implied (or ideal) reader.
- Ideology is not just political
- Beliefs can affect lexical choices- e.g.
consider the term 'terrorist' and
'freedom fighter'.
- Refers to belief systems, attitudes and
world views which hold individual or
groups may hold.
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