355152
Description
Sensorimotor system
- principles
- hierarchical organisation
- motor output guided by sensory input
- learning changes the
nature and locus of
sensorimotor control
- hierarchical organisation
- sensorimotor associaton cortex
- posterior parietal association cortex
- ROLE: knowing the original
position of parts of the body
that needs to be moved
position of external objects
directing attention
- INPUT: visual
system auditory
system
somatosensory
system
- OUTPUT:
dorsolateral
prefrontal
association cortex /
areas of secondary
motor cortex /
frontal eye field
- DAMAGE - various sensorimotor
deficits accurate reaching and
grasping control of eye movements
APRAXIA CONTRALATERAL
(VISUAL) NEGLECT
- ROLE: knowing the original
position of parts of the body
that needs to be moved
position of external objects
directing attention
- dorsolateral prefrontal association cortex
- INPUT: posterior parietal cortex
- OUTPUT: areas of
secondary motor cortex,
primary motor cortex, frontal
eye fields
- ROLE: evaluation of external
stimuli and the initiation of voluntary
reactions to them
- INPUT: posterior parietal cortex
- posterior parietal association cortex
- secondary motor cortex
- most INPUT - association cortex
- most OUTPUT primary motor cortex
- supplementary motor areas (SMA & preSMA)
- premotor areas
- dorsal
- ventral
- MIRROR
NEURONS
(found in
premotor
cortex)
- dorsal
- small cingulate areas
- ROLE: areas involved in
programming of specific
patterns of movements after
taking general instructions from
dorsolateral prefronral cortex =
evidence from Parsons et al
(1995)
- most INPUT - association cortex
- primary motor cortex
- ROLE: major point of
convergence of cortical
sensorimotor signals
AND departure of those
signals from cerebral
cortex
- organised
SOMATOTOPICALLY
- according to a map
of the body
- controlling parts of
body capable of
intricate movements
(hands, mouth)
- feedback from
receptors in the
muscles and joints
- ROLE: major point of
convergence of cortical
sensorimotor signals
AND departure of those
signals from cerebral
cortex
- Basal ganglia -
heterogenous collection of
interconnected stimuli
- ROLE: inhibiting &
initiating movement
- INPUT motor cortex, prefrontal motor
cortex, supplementary areas -> PLAN.
prefrontal cortex -> strategy WHEN
through BS
- Relationship with superior colliculus
- Evidence: monkeys trained to make
specific eye movements. Neurons in the
caudate nucleus fire bursts of action
potentials just before eye movement
initiation. Immediately thereafter neurons
in the substantia nigra pars reticulata shut
down resulting in a burst of action
potentials in the superior colliculus and
the production of eye movement
- Evidence: monkeys trained to make
specific eye movements. Neurons in the
caudate nucleus fire bursts of action
potentials just before eye movement
initiation. Immediately thereafter neurons
in the substantia nigra pars reticulata shut
down resulting in a burst of action
potentials in the superior colliculus and
the production of eye movement
- components: the striatum
(caudate nucleus + putamen), the
globus pallidus, the substantia
nigra, the nucleus accumbens,
subthalamic nucleus
- damage: movement disorders. Parkinson's disease,
Huntington's disease, Tourette
- substantia nigra is the source
of the striatal input of the
neurotransmitter dopamine
- ROLE: inhibiting &
initiating movement
- cerebellum
- responsible for
- online error correction
- smoothly coordinated
skilled movements
- planning - temporal
aspects of
movement
- perceiving short time
intervals
- judging
velocity of
moving
objects
- online error correction
- smoothly coordinated
skilled movements
- INPUT primary &
secondary motor cortex,
brainstem motor nuclei,
feedback from
responses via
somatosensory &
vestibular systems
- OUTPUT:
cerebellar cortex,
thalamus,
primary motor
and premotor
cortices
- DAMAGE: lost ability to preceisly
control direction, force, velocity,
amplitude of movements; to adapt
patterns of motor outputs to
changing conditions, steady
postures problems, problems with
balance, gait, speech, control of
eye movements
- lateral cerebellum ->
cerebellar ATAXIA -
disrupted sensory
coordination of limb
movements
- lateral cerebellum ->
cerebellar ATAXIA -
disrupted sensory
coordination of limb
movements
- responsible for
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