Who is (ought to be) the client or
beneficiary? That is, whose interests are
(should be) served?
What is (ought to be) the purpose? That is,
what are (should be) the consequences?
What is (ought to be) the measure
of improvement or measure of
success? That is, how can (should)
we determine that the
consequences, taken together,
constitute an improvement?
POWER
Who is (ought to be) the decision-maker?
That is, who is (should be) in a position to
change the measure of improvement?
What resources and other conditions of
success are (ought to be) controlled by the
decision-maker? That is, what conditions
of success can (should) those involved
control?
What conditions of success are
(ought to be) part of the decision
environment? That is, what
conditions can (should) the
decision-maker not control (e.g.
from the viewpoint of those not
involved)?
KNOWLEDGE
Who is (ought to be) considered a
professional or further expert? That is,
who is (should be) involved as
competent provider of experience and
expertise?
What kind expertise is (ought to be)
consulted? That is, what counts
(should count) as relevant
knowledge?
What or who is (ought to be) assumed
to be the guarantor of success? That is,
where do (should) those involved seek
some guarantee that improvement will
be achieved – for example, consensus
among experts, the involvement of
stakeholders, the experience and
intuition of those involved, political
support?
LEGITIMATION
Who is (ought to be) witness to the
interests of those affected but not
involved? That is, who is (should be)
treated as a legitimate stakeholder, and
who argues (should argue) the case of
those stakeholders who cannot speak for
themselves, including future generations
and non-human nature?
What secures (ought to secure)
the emancipation of those
affected from the premises and
promises of those involved?
That is, where does (should)
legitimacy lie?
What worldview is (ought
to be) determining? That is,
what different visions of
‘improvement’ are (should
be) considered, and how are
they (should they be)
reconciled?