3906340
Mind Map by zoe_whitwell, updated more than 1 year ago
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Created by zoe_whitwell
about 5 years ago
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Description
BIOLOGICAL BASIS OF
PSYCHOPATHOLOGY
1 Glia
1.1 Astrocytes
1.1.1 Bond with capillaries to form the BBB
1.1.2 Surrond neurons and hold them in place
1.1.3 Supply nutrients and oxygen
1.1.4 Synaptic transmission (clearance of NT and release gliotransmitters)
1.2 Oligodendrocytes
1.2.1 Produce myelin for axons
1.2.2 Insulation
1.3 Microglia
1.3.1 immune cells
1.3.2 Destroy pathogens and remove dead neurons
1.4 Ependymal cells
1.4.1 Line cerebral ventricles
1.4.2 Cilia: circulate the CSF
2 Neurotransmitters
2.1 Dysregulation of NT systems may be important
in the physiology of neuropsychiatric disease
2.1.1 Glutamate/dopamine (schizophrenia)
2.1.1.1 The Dopamine Hypothesis: symptoms due to
disturbed and hyperactive dopaminergic signal
transduction
2.1.1.2 Glutamate Hypothesis: schziophrenia
reflects diminished activation of NMDA
receptors in the brain
2.1.2 GABA (anxiety/panic)
2.1.3 Serotonin (depression)
2.1.3.1 Monoamine Hypothesis: dysregulation of
the serotonin system
2.1.3.1.1 depression associated with deficiency of
catecholamines (NE) at functionally
important adrenergic receptor sites
2.1.3.1.2 Serotonin Biosynthesis
2.1.3.1.2.1 L-tryptophan
synthesized
2.1.3.1.2.1.1 Then hydrolysed - becomes 5-HTP
2.1.3.1.2.1.1.1 Carboxylased by L-amino acid decarboxylase and
becomes serotinin (5-HT)
2.1.3.1.2.1.1.1.1 Oxidation by monoamine oxidase to
the corresponding aldehyde
2.1.3.1.2.1.1.1.1.1 Oxidation by aldehyde hydrogenase to 5-Hydroxyindoleacetic acid (5-HIAA)
3 Neuroanatomy
3.1 Schizophrenia
3.1.1 Ventricular
enlargement
3.1.2 Grey matter
volume decrease
3.1.2.1 First episode: hippocampaus,
thalamus, amygdala, anterior
cingulate
3.1.2.2 Chronic: medial
and left
dorsolateral
prefrontal cortex
and left
suprerior
temporal gyrus
3.1.3 White matter
abnormalities
3.1.3.1 First episode: inferior
longitudinal fasciculus
3.1.3.2 Chronic: right forceps, left forceps
minor, splenium of corpus
callosum
3.1.4 Microcircuitry changes
3.1.4.1 Cellular disarray
in the
hippocampus
3.1.4.2 Pyramidal
cells reduced
in size and
packed more
densely
3.1.5 Functional neuroanatomical
changes (hypofrontality)
3.2 GAD
3.2.1 Amygdala hyperactivation
4 Neuropharmacology
4.1 Agonist: binds to the receptor
and initiates a response like that
of the endogenous NT
4.1.1 Anxiety
4.1.1.1 Buspirone: 5-HT1A receptor agonists
4.2 Antagonist: (usually a drug) binds
the the receptor and interferes with
the action of the endogenous NT
4.2.1 Psychosis
4.2.1.1 Chlorpromazine: DA
receptor antagonist
4.2.1.2 PCP: non-competitive
NMDA receptor
antagonist
4.2.2 Depression
4.2.2.1 Iproniazid: MAOI
4.2.2.2 Imipramine:
increases brain levels
of catecholamines
and 5-HT (tricyclic
antidepressants)
4.2.2.3 SSRI's
4.2.3 Anxiety
4.2.3.1 Benzodiazepines
4.2.3.1.1 Bind to GABA receptors
4.2.3.2 SSRI's
4.2.3.3 Pregabalin: Ca2+ receptor antagonist