Intelligence testing and selection at 11+

Sir Cyril Lodowic Burt
1. In 1902 won classical scholarship to Oxford.
  1. It was suggested to him by McDougall that he should focus his senior project on psychometrics.
    1. His first article underpinned Spearman's Theory on intelligence
      1. He left LCC in 1932 once succeeding as Professor of Psychology at UCL
  2. In 1913, he took the position of 'school Psychologist for London county council' making him in charged of all schools.
    1. This later developed into his part time job
2. Studied Psychology and Philosophy at Oxford and specialised in both.
  1. Produced several reports on backward maladjusted and delinquent children at The LCC
  2. The young delinquent (1925) and The Backward Child (1933) were the books he produced
  3. In 1920 he assessed the perfomance of 'normal' children in schools
  4. He found environmental factors did not influence untelligence
3. Had a strong belief that educational ability was inherited and this was proven by exams
  1. Believed that intelligence was determined at conception and not much affected by environmental factors.
  2. Favoured grammar schools and believed that regardless of social class all children would benefit
What is intelligence?
1. Having a highly developed brain
  1. 'the ability to acquire and apply knowledge and skills' Brian Simon (1971)
    1. 'a general cognitive ability to solve problems. A mental ability involved in reasoning, perceiving relationships and analogies, calculating or how quickly we learn/
  2. A particular individual has behaved in a particular situation
    1. ’Intelligence is very difficult concept, many psychologists and researchers comes up with different definitions but they all come up this the same theme; intelligence is about achieving goals in a different range of our environments’’ -Marcus Hutter
What is IQ
1. Intelligence Quotient
  1. “A measure of the intelligence of an individual derived from results obtained from specially designed tests. The quotient is traditionally derived by dividing an individual's mental age by his chronological age and multiplying the result by 100”
2. It was supported as Burt believed that intelligence was determined at conception meaning that it was not affected by environmental factors after birth
Is IQ a good measure of ability?
1. Alfred Binet did not believe that this could measure intelligence.
  1. Stressed the limitations of the test saying that intelligence is far too broad to quantify with a single number
    1. Binet produced the very first intelligence test called the Binet- Simon test in 1905
      1. Binet began chose and improved questions that ‘’focused on things that had not been taught in school such as attention, memory and problem-solving skills.’’
Pros and Cons of testing
1. Pros
  1. Can identify students with special needs.
    1. Children can be put into sets according to ability
      1. “Intelligence testing has revealed unsuspected talents in many individuals and has improved educational opportunity”. (Sattler, 1992)
        “IQ tests provide a profile of strengths and weaknesses”.(Sattler, 1992)
2. Cons
  1. Used to classify children into stereotyped categories.
    1. In terms of problem-solving situations they are not concerned with the underlying processes involved in problem solving. They focus on the final product or outcome rather than on the steps involved in reaching the outcome.
      1. Children change, so tests taken at different times will yield different results. One IQ test isn't an absolute, so it should be taken into account lightly rather than being used to determine the child’s future.
What is an IQ test?
1. divided into sections of 'Abstract reasoning, Vocabulary, Memory, Pattern reproduction and practical intelligence
  1. Experts and psychologists believe that if you are poor in one of the sections it is most likely to be poor in all of them. However “a person may be very intelligent in one particular field, and yet quite unintelligent in another’’. Brian Simon (1971)
Selection at 11+
1. Test would be in, Verbal reasoning, Non-verbal reasoning, Mathematics, English and General knowledge and intelligence
  1. Pass mark is used to see if students are eligible for a grammar school
    1. Pass mark is between 500 and 700, students given the mark could study at grammar schools whose who failed did not study here
Effects of 11+ testing
1. Some children went to local grammar schools, others to secondary modern
  1. Children had the same experience of school until separated by the 11+ exam
    1. Children who had once played together became separated from their peers
11+ testing and age differences
1. Children judged according to intelligence against children almost a year older than themselves
  1. A child could fail if their birthdays fell earlier
    1. children born in October were more likely to pass their exam than those born in august
      1. children were labekelled by parents
        Secondary modern schools were less favoured in society
        Grammar schools produced children that were unable to cook, clean, sew, paint and draw, but were academically superior
The effects on further education
1. Grammar schools forced to strive to O-Levels
  1. Children with O-Levels accessed and received qualifications such as BED’s, certificates, Diploma’s and MA’s.
    1. Those who did not attend Grammar schools would go on to work in manual labour such as factories and agriculture.
      1. CSE’s meant that children had difficulty gaining higher qualifications . Some would need to do a one year access course before being considered for college
REFERENCES
1. http://www.brainmetrix.com/intelligence-definition/ http://psychology.about.com/od/psychologicaltesting/a/int-history.htm Kamin, L.J. (1995). The pioneers of IQ testing. In Russell Jacoby & Naomi Glauberman (Eds.), The Bell Curve debate: History, documents, opinions. New York: Times Books. http://www.dailymail.co.uk/news/article-1030673/Could-pass-11-plus-Exam-papers-used-1950s-puts-family-test.html http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=ahmPfZlcsTk http://www.therichest.com/ http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=F2bQ5TSB-cE Brian Simon (1971) Intelligence Psychology Education, A Marxist Critique, London, Lawrence & Wishart Ltd Sattler, J. M. (1992). Assessment of children (3rd ed.). San Diego, CA: Author. National Master (2003) Sir Cyril Burt: Rapid intelligences. Sydney Australia Available at: http://www.nationmaster.com/encyclopedia/Sir-Cyril-Burt (Assessed 17/11/13) I.Q. Tests - definition of I.Q. Tests by the Free Online Dictionary, Thesaurus and Encyclopedia.. 2013. I.Q. Tests - definition

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Intelligence testing and selection at 11+

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