Cardiovascular

Cardiovascular

Blood Vessels
1. Arterioles
  1. Arteries
    1. Oxygen Rich Blood
      1. Stores pressure produced by ventricles & released via elastic recoil
        Carry blood away from heart
        Lg Arteries
        Aorta and pulmonary trunk
        Elastic fibers
        Expand with blood pressure
        Recoil with relaxation
        Vascular resistance
        Regulate flow
  2. Oxygen Rich Blood
    1. Vascular Resistance, Regulate flow
      1. Highest % of smooth muscle
        Diameter adjust with BP
        reduced BF allows for efficient gas exchange at capillaries
        Smallest arterioles regulate blood pressure
2. Capillaries
  1. smallest blood vessels
    1. Endothelial cell thick
      1. Slow smooth muscle flow
        Gas exchange
  2. Types of capillaries
    1. Continuous
      1. Endothelial cells tight joined
        Found:Muscle lungs
    2. Fenestrated
      1. Wide intercellular pores
        Found:kidneys,intestines
    3. Discontinuous
      1. Sinusoidal
        Large leaky
        found in spleen, bone marrow
    4. Fluid Exchange
      1. Bulk Flow
        Absoprion
        fluid movement into capillaries
        At venous end
        wastes fluid back to the capillaries
        Mass movement as a result of:
        Hydrostatic pressure
        Osmotic pressure
        determines what comes in & out
      2. Filtration
        Movement out of capillaries
        caused by hydrostatic Pressure
        at Arterial end
        Stuff moving out
    5. Metarterioles
      1. Short vessel
        Links arterioles & capillaries
        Individual muscle cells
        Placed short distance apart
        each forms capillary sphincter
  3. Routes of Transport
    1. Phospholipid bilayer
      1. Intr. capillary clefts
        Fenestrations
        Pinocytotic
        vesicles lg,molecules
        small H2O soluble
        small-H2O soluble
      2. lipid-soluble molecule
3. Veins
  1. Oxygen poor blood
    1. More numerous
      1. Large diameters
        Hold more than 50% of blood
        Carry blood to the heart
        Very compliant
        Little smooth muscle or elastin
        Contain very low pressure
        Insufficient to return blood to the heart
        Low pressure requires special adaptations
        Skeletal muscle pump
        Muscle press against veins
        Respiratory Pump
        Sucking effect
        Inspiration results in:
        increases blood volume
        increased arterial pressure
        = decreased in arterial presure
        One way valves
        Venous valves
Measurement of Blood Pressure
1. 120/80
  1. Systolic/Diastolic
  2. BP in artery
    1. Constrict arteries to stop flow
      1. Open valves
        Allows arteries to open
        blood hits walls
        Thumping sound
        =Systolic Pressure
        Don't hear anything?
        =Diastolic Pressure
2. MAP
  1. Function of CO and resistance
  2. MAP=CO X R
3. Control of BP
  1. Baroreceptors
    1. responsible to increase BP
      1. response to orthostatic Hypertension
        Low BP
    2. Sense pressure change
    3. Found in
      1. Aorta
        Vagus nerve
      2. Carotid Artery
        Medulla
        Glassopharyngeal
What cause heart attack
1. Coronary artery
  1. are blocked
    1. No blood supply
2. Tissues dies
  1. No nutrients or O2
Artherosclerosis
1. Inflammatory reaction
  1. tear in arterial wall
    1. Recruitment of clotting factors and leukocytes
      1. Production of Proinflammatory cytokines
        CPR
        Adhesion of cholesterol
Hemostasis
1. Damaged Endothelium
  1. Platelets bind to collagen
    1. Platelets release eeaction
      1. PRR
        ADP
        Serotonin
        Thromboxane
        sends signal for more platelets
        Vasoconstrics
        Sticky
      2. Result
        Vasoconstriction
        Platelet chemotaxis
        Sticky platelets
    2. not making VMF
2. Healthy Endothelium
  1. Platelets dont stick
    1. Platelets produce
      1. Prostacyclin
        NO
        CD39
      2. ADP-AMP
        Inhibits platelets aggregation
        promotes vasodilatation
Platelet Aggregation
1. 1. Sticky Platelet attached to collagen
  1. 2.triggered another platelet to release reaction
    1. 3. Platelet adhere to platelet
      1. RESULT
        Platelet Plug (sea)
Clot Dissolution
1. Vessel is repaired
  1. Kallikrein, UPA, and TPA convert plasminogen into plasmin
    1. Plasmin dissolves clot by digestion of fibrin
Clotting disorders
1. VWD
  1. insufficient amount of VWF
    1. Failure of platelet adhesion
      1. Most common bleeding disorder
2. Hemophilia
  1. Lack of clotting factors VII or Vx
    1. X-linked gene

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	Created by Susy Sanchez about 11 years ago