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Speciation and Macroevolution

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Mind Map on Speciation and Macroevolution, created by kenzieaj14 on 22/04/2016.
kenzieaj14
Mind Map by kenzieaj14, updated more than 1 year ago
kenzieaj14
Created by kenzieaj14 over 9 years ago
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Speciation and Macroevolution
  1. macroevolution
    1. is
      1. measured as change in allele frequencies in a population over generations, evolution on a large scale
        1. another concept is the
          1. biological species concept
            1. relies primarily on reproductive isolation rather than trait differences or shared evolutionary history to define the species
              1. reproductive isolation before fertilization
                1. is called
                  1. prezygotic isolation
                    1. and after fertilization is
                      1. postzygotic isolation
                        1. a
                          1. zygote
                            1. is the
                              1. first cell that results when the egg is fertilized
                                1. but
                                  1. reproductive isolation
                                    1. is when
                                      1. physiological, behavioral, and genetic processes that inhibit interbreeding
                      2. there are mechanisms such as
                        1. prezygotic isolating mechanisms
                          1. that
                            1. prevent reproductive attempts or make it unlikely that fertilization will be successful if mating is attempted
                              1. these isolating mechanisms make highly unlikely
                                1. hybridization
                                  1. or the
                                    1. mating between 2 species
                                      1. postzygoitic isolating mechanisms
                                        1. operate after formation of the zygote, prevents hybrid offspring from developing
                                          1. reinforcement
                                            1. is given
                                              1. to the process of the natural selection that reinforces reproductive isolation
      2. speciation
        1. is
          1. the splitting of one species into two or more species
            1. scientists define species based on many types of evidence
              1. a
                1. taxonomist
                  1. a scientist that classifies organisms into groups, makes a working hypothesis about whether they are different species based on the evidence provided
                    1. we can study
                      1. species concepts
                        1. different ways in which a species is defined
                    2. Linnaeus
                      1. is the
                        1. father of taxonomy
                          1. identified new species by differences in their appearances
                            1. which is
                              1. morphology
                                1. in the
                                  1. morphological species concept
                                    1. each species is defined by one or more distinct physical characteristic
                                      1. called
                                        1. diagnostic traits
                                          1. some organisms look so similar that they appear to ve the same species
                                            1. these are
                                              1. cryptic species
                                                1. species that look almost identical but are very different in other traits
                                                  1. then there was
                                                    1. the evolutionary species concept
                                                      1. it was proposed to explain speciation in the fossil record
                                                        1. the there was the
                                                          1. phylogenetic species concept
                                                            1. an evolutionary "family tree" or phylogeny used to identify species based on a common ancestor
                                                              1. in a phylogeny there is
                                                                1. a monophyletic
                                                                  1. a branch that contains all of the descendants of a common ancestor
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